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Manifest Destiny

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Americans' God-given right to expand all the way to the Pacific, nationalistic movement that highlighted white superiority

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Mexican War

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-war that began between the US and Mexico because of undisputed lands -According to Polk, "American blood was shed on American soil" -Included Battle of Buena Vista, ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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John Brown

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-Religious abolitionist who participated in the revenge murder of 5 proslavery KS settlers -caused an armed assault at Harper's Ferry that led to sectional tension and the name "Bleeding Kansas" -When he was tried for treason and executed, he became a martyr for the North

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Henry Clay

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believed in keeping slavery out of politics for the Election of 1844; proposed the original Compromise of 1850 with all parts combined

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Stephen Kearney

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General who fought in the Mexican War at Santa Fe

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Pottawatomie

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the brutal massacre of 5 proslavery men in KS led by John Brown, "Bleeding Kansas"

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Stephen Austin

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Continued selling Texas land from his father's grant from the Mexican government in small plots to Americans

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John C. Fremont

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Republican candidate in the Election of 1856 who lost to Buchanan but won an impressive 11 out of 16 free states since the party had only just started

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Charles Sumner

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After he made his "Crime Against Kansas" speech, SC congressman Brooks beat him with a cane until he was unconscious, showing extreme sectional tension; this incident fueled the Republicans

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Winfield Scott

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General who led troops to the capital in central Mexico during the Mexican War, making it the first time the US ever captured a foreign capital

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Andrew Butler

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The man targeted in Charles Sumner's "Crime Against KS" speech who also was a distant cousin of Brooks which caused the "Bleeding Sumner" incident

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Nicholas Trist

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drew up the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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Davy Crocket

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Frontiersman from TN who died at the Battle of the Alamo, represents the common man

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Preston Brooks

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SC congressman who beat MA's Sumner with a cane bc of sectional conflicts; the South supported his actions

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Personal Liberty Laws

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laws passed by the North to ease the strict FSA

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Seventh of March Address

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1850 speech given by Daniel Webster that said slavery was not physically suitable for the Mexican Cession land, but the north should compromise w the South for the sake of the Union

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Bear Flag Republic

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the name California gave to its independent republic when it claimed freedom from Mexico before it joined the US

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Alamo

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Battle on March 6th, 1836 in which 187 Americans and Tejanos were killed defending the mission compound in San Antonio; "Remember the ____"

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Goliad

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battle in the rebellion in which TX suffered a bad loss

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San Jacinto

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Battle in April 1836 led by former Tennessee governor Sam Houston to force Santa Anna to recognize Texas' independence

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Slave power conspiracy

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Northerners believed that the government was controlled by a power that posed a threat to their liberties, ex. the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott decision

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Tejanos

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the Texas non-Indian population of Spanish origin before American settlers came

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Oregon

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In his campaign, Polk promised to gain this land above the 54 40 line from the British and fight if he had to (54 40 or fight) but he instead agreed to divide it with Britain at the 49th parallel

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Joint Occupation

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1818 treaty b/w Britain and US granting citizens of both countries equal access to OR

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Martin Van Buren

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-Lost the Democratic nomination in 1844 to Polk and his northern supporters were bitter over what they considered a betrayal from Southern Dems -Later ran for the Free Soil Party in 1848 but lost to Whig Taylor

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James K. Polk

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-dark horse candidate in 1844 who was similar to Jackson bc he was from TN and a slaveholder -supported TX annexation and the 54 40 or fight plan to gain OR territory -His goals were to reduce the tariff, establish independent treasury, settle OR dispute, andd gain CA

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Dark Horse

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underdog/unexpectedly nominated presidential candidate

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Fugitive Slave Act

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-the most controversial aspect of the Comp of 1850 -new laws included no jury, trial, or testimony rights for fugitives and federal commissioners decide their fate -Northerners acted out by helping slaves and many blacks resist violently or seek refuge in Canada

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Liberty Party

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-Group that ran candidate James G. Birney in the Election of 1844 which prevented Clay from winning -antislavery party ending up giving the presidency to a proslavery advocate (Polk)

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Zachary Taylor

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-General whose troops fought on undisputed Mexican territory in attempt to bring CA into the Union and defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista -Whig who won the election of 1848; Opposed the Comp of 1850

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Santa Fe Trail

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trade route that linked Santa Fe, New Mexico to Independence, Missouri

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54 40 Or Fight

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Polk's campaign to gain OR from Britain and fight if necessary

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John Bell

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Constitutional Union Party candidate in 1860 who won 3 Upper south states

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Wilmot Proviso

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Idea presented by PA congressman David Wilmot that said slavery should be prohibited from expanding into all new territories; unanimous northern support

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Popular Sovereignty

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idea proposed by Douglas which said that settlers of new states would vote on whether slavery should exist there or not; He believed all Democrats would agree on this and secure him the presidential nomination, but it ended up causing a lot of tension

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Gold Rush

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Gold was found in CA causing the population to explode with eastern Americans and immigrants from all over, but whites ended up establishing superiority over people of other cultures

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Lewis Cass

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father of Pop Sov who ran in the election of 1848 but lost to Taylor bc he did not have Northern support

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Compromise of 1850

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Compromise suggested by Clay -CA enters as free -slave trade abolished in DC -stricter fugitive slave law (most controversial) -Pop Sov in Mexican Cession territories

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Daniel Webster

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Massachusetts politician who supported the Compromise of 1850 only for the purpose of keeping sectional peace

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John C. Calhoun

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South Carolina politician who opposed the Compromise of 1850 bc he thought slavery must not be restricted in order for the Union to survive (south would secede otherwise)

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William Seward

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New Yorker who opposed the Compromise of 1850 because of higher laws of morality above the Constitution; Also said that the free labor and slave labor systems are incompatible within one Union

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Stephen Douglas

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Illinois politician who defeated Lincoln for Senator but later lost in the Election of 1860 for president; Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine; Strong believer in Popular Sovereignty

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Millard Fillmore

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Became President after Taylor died in office, helped the Compromise of 1850 pass

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John C. Breckenridge

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the Southern Democratic candidate for the Election of 1860 who supported westward expansion of slavery; won the slave states

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Free Soil Party

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-Group that believed that slavery should stay where it is and not expand westward into new lands -Ran two candidates: VB for 1848 and Fremont for 1856 -Joined the Republican Party for the election of 1860 -Platform was declared unconstitutional by the Dred Scott decision -Popular because it would allow Northerners to move to the western territories for economic freedom and not compete with slave labor

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Ostend Manifesto

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1848 declaration from Southerners to other countries asking them to support the US in taking Cuba by force from Spain if they did not turn it over; Outraged northerners bc it would expand slavery there

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Gadsden Purchase

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the purchase of a small plot of Southern land that completed the current US boundaries

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Kansas Nebraska Act

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-An act suggested by Douglas that would give KS and NE the right to choose if slavery would exist there -Appeal of the Independent Democrats was a reply that said Douglas violated the MO Comp -The Act passed: shattered Democratic unity, Whig Party collapsed, South became Democratic, Republican Party emerged with Free Soil Ideology

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Bleeding Kansas

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Name for the war that occurred between two opposing state governments in Kansas after MO proslavery citizens cast illegal ballots in the votes for KS legislature; included the Pottawatomie massacre led by John Brown

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Republican Party

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-Free Soil Ideology -coalition of anti-slavery Democrats, Know-Nothings, Whigs, and Free Soilers who believed that the Slave Power posed a threat to their liberties -completion of railroad network allowed for the integration of the North and West in this party -Their win in the Election of 1860 established their potential rule for years to come and new goals to gain the support of non-slaveholding southerners

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Freeport Doctrine

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Douglas used this in his Pop Sov ideology

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Positive Good Thesis

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belief of Southerners that slavery was not a necessary evil but a positive good

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James Buchanan

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Democrat who believed in Pop Sov, won the election of 1856, and attempted to admit KS as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution; He denied the right of Southern states to secede but did nothing to stop them

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Dred Scott v. Sanford

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Case in which a slave sued for his freedom after having lived in free states with his owner; Ruling was that blacks cannot become citizens and Congress has no right to restrict slavery to certain state

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fire eaters

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people who wanted to split from the Democratic party and form a Confederacy

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Roger Taney

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Chief justice who made the ruling in the Scott decision

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Abraham Lincoln

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-IL Free Soiler who ran against Stephen Douglas for the Senate seat and lost, but gained fame in the Republican party and won the election of 1860 -"A house divided cannot stand"; Freedom = no slavery -Shared racial prejudices of his day (colonization, no black voting/jury rights), but believed blacks had inalienable rights of the Declaration -Platform in election was to deny the Dred Scott decision and prevent slavery from expanding

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Harpers Ferry

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John Brown and 21 men (7 were black) raided this armory, resulting in the trial and execution of Brown

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Lecompton Constitution

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Buchanan's attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state; Douglas opposed it bc it went against Pop Sov; named after the capital of the anti-abolitionists in Kansas

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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the annexation of TX, NM, AZ, UT to the US in exchange for $15 million; ended the Mexican War

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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

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leader of Mexico who sent troops to TX to establish authority, but ended up losing to the Americans in the Mexican War in several battles

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Election of 1860

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turning point for the northerners in which the Republican candidate Lincoln won because of the population concentration in NY, OH, and PA gave them the most electoral votes

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