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Peasant's Revolt

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broke out in 1524-1525 because of unrest

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Augsburg Confession

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*the first Protestant confession of faith* presented to the emperor by the Lutherans

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1555

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Peace of Augsburg

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Peace of Augsburg

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gave approval to the territorial, *state-established church* principle in Germany

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Counter-Reformation

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the pope's response to the Protestant Reformation's effect to the Roman Church

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Inquisition

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used to torture and terrorize to obtain confessions of heresy from its Protestant victims

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"Index of Prohibited Books"

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Protestant writings, vernacular (non-Latin) versions of the Bible and the works that were forbidden by the Roman Church

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Ignatius Loyola

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Spanish soldier who began the religious organization called the Society of Jews (Jesuits)

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Society of Jews (Jesuits)

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- started by Ignatius Loyola - believed "The end justifies the means"

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Council of Trent

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Rome made its strongest stand against the Protestants

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Charles V

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Charles I who was elected as the Holy Roman Emperor

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Phillip II

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became even more powerful than his father, Charles V

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King John III

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King of Portugal who introduced the Inquisition to Portugal in 1536

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Miguel de Cervantes

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Spain's mos outstanding writer whose masterpiece was "Don Quixote"

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"Don Quixote"

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- Cervante's mastepiece - depicts the exploits of a country squire who considered himself a knight at a time when knighthood was no longer in fashion

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Kuiz de Camoes

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Portugal's greatest writer who wrote "Os Lusiadas"

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"Os Lusiadas" (The Lusiads": " The Lusitanians")

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celebrates Portugal's history and heroes

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Netherlands

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(Holland + Belgium) named for the word *Netherlands* - meaning "low land" - lies below sea level

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dikes

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damlike barriers of earth and sand

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Low Countries

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another name for the Netherlands

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Dutch/ Hollanders

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people of the Netherlands

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Duke of Alva

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cruel general that led the Spanish troops for Philip II in 1567

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Council of Blood

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ruling council set up by Alva and was called this because of the brutal way it treated the Dutch People

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William the Silent

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Prince of Orange that became the leader of the repressed Dutch patriots in 1568

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Dutch Reformed Church

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formed by Dutch Protestants when they split from Spain's ally - the Roman Church

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United Provinces of the Netherlands

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7 northern provinces that formed after the provinces south of the Rhine split and turned to Spanish control

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1581

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the United Provinces *declared the Netherlands to be independent of Spain*

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"Father of Dutch Liberties"

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name given to William the Silent that reflected the desperate situation of his people in his dying words: "God hath pity on this poor people"

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Henry VIII

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Henry VII's son who became king of England in 1509 at the Age of 18

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Catherine of Aragon

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- Henry VIII;s 1st wife who gave him Mary - divorced by Henry VII so he could marry Anne Boleyn

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Anne Boleyn

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- Henry VIII's 2nd wife who gave him Elizabeth - beheaded on charges of adultery for not giving birth to a son

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William Tyndale

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translated the Bible into English in the 1500s

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1534

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Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy

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Act of Supremacy

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passed in 1534 by Parliament; recognized Henry VIII as the "supreme head" of the English church

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Jane Seymour

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- Henry VIII's 3rd wife who gave him Edward - died in childbirth

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Edward VI

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Henry VIII's son who was only 9 when he came to the throne in 1547

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Thomas Cranmer

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the Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury who was the regent for Edward VI

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Nicholas Ridley and Hugh Latimer

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scholar and preacher that helped Cranmer lead England toward more complete reform

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"Book of Common Prayer"

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made worship services much more Protestant and was made up of prayers to be spoken or sung

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Mary Tudor

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1st daughter of Henry VIII that became queen of England after Edward VI death

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"Bloody Mary"

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name given to Mary Tudor for her ruthless persecution of Protestants

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"Book of Martyrs"

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- a classic written in 1563 by john Foxe - classic written about the people who were martyred under Mary Tudor;s reign

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Philip II

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- future monarch of Spain who married Mary Tudor in 1554 - was known for his devotion to the Roman church and his fierce opposition to the Protestant movement

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Lady Jane Grey

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one of the most extraordinary people involved in the English Reformation

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Elizabeth I

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- became queen of England on November 17, 1558 after Mary Tudor's death - daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

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"Good Queen Bess"

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name given to Elizabeth I affectionately by her people

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Elizabethan Settlement

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- a series of laws which officially established many Protestant doctrines and practices, laying the foundation for the Anglican church - Elizabeth I's attempt to setter her country's religious conflicts

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Anglican Church

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the church of England whose foundation was laid by the Elizabethan settlement

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Puritans

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wanted to *purify* the church of England because it was still too Roman Catholic

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Separatists

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wanted to separate from the Church of England

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Mary Stuart

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became Mary Queen of Scots when the Reformation began to influence Scotland

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Mary Queen of Scots

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name given to Mary Stuart when the Reformation began to influence Scotland

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Mary of Guise

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Mary Stuart's mother

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Scottish Reformation

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opened violently with the execution of preachers who urged reform

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John Knox

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*the outstanding leader of the Scottish Reformation*

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Scottish Presbyterian Church

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set up by the Scottish Parliament; incorporated Calvinist doctrines

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James VI

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Mary Stuart's infant son who became king when Mary abdicated in 1567

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Sir John Hawkins

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employed by Elizabeth I to build up the English navy

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Sir Francis Drake

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skillful sea captain who attacked and raided Spanish ships - *the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe*

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Invincible Armada

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the greatest naval force the world had ever seen that the Spanish created to attack England

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1588

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- the Spanish Armada's defeat - Spain's power and prestige gradually slipped

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Elizabethan Age

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the reign of Elizabethan that shines in English history and in the history of the world

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William Shakepeare

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*perhaps the greatest writer of all time*; began his 20-year career as a playwright and poet

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"Julius Caesar", "Hamlet", "A Midsummer's Night's Dream", and "Romeo and Juliet"

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some of Shakespeare's best known plays

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"The Fairie Queene"

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- one of the most important literary works of the Elizabethan Age - written by Edmund Spenser

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Edmund Spenser

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wrote "The Fairie Queene"

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Huguenots

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French Calvinist Protestants, followers of Frenchman John Calvin, who left the church of Rome

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Francis I

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the first king of France who took action against the Huguenots, forcing them to meet and worship in secret

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Henry II

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the 2nd king of France who took action against the Huguenots, forcing them to meet and worship in secret

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synod

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an assembly of representative of French Protestants that meet for the first time in 1559 -- they drew up a confession of faith and rules of discipline

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Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III

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Henry II's sons who each ruled as king during the course of 30 years

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Catherine de Medicis

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mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III who attempted to rule for them

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Admiral Gaspard de Coligny

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led the Protestants and had previously won fame as a military leader

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Henry of Navarre

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the ruler of a small, independent kingdom in the area of the Pyrenees Mountains between Spain and France

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Guise

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family that led the Catholic forces

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Edict of January

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- decreed that Huguenots could worship in public if the met outside the town limits and if they admitted royal officials to inspect their services - Catherine de Medicis' attempt to contrive an effort at peace in January 1562

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1572

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the most infamous episode of the French religious wars occurred -- the "St. Batholomew's Day Massacre"

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St. Batholomew's Day Massacre

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the most infamous episode of the French religious wars that occurred in 1572

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Henry IV

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*the first of the Bourbon line of French Kings* and the *first Protestant king of France* (Henry Navarre)

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Edict of Nantes

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used by Henry IV to ease the displeasure of the Huguenots, stipulated that Huguenots could live in any towns or districts of France they chose, but could practice their faith only in specifically designated towns where Protestantism had previously been the prevailing religion

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Marie de Medicis

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Henry IV's wife who attempted to rule in his stead after his assassination

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Cardinal Richelieu

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gradually gained control of France and ruled for Marie de Medicis and her infant son, King Louis XIII

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King Louis XIII

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the son of Marie de Medicis and Henry IV

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Peace of Alais

answer

amended the Edict of Nantes by Richelieu in 1629

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Thirty Year's War

answer

occurred in phases between 1618 and 1648 and was mainly a civil war in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire over internal religious and political issues

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1618 and 1648

answer

years in each the phases of the Thirty Year's War occurred

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Bohemia

answer

location where the Thirty Year's War began in 1618 -- 100 years after the beginning of the Protestant Reformation

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Ferdinand II

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a member of the powerful Hapsburg royal family and an ardent Romanist in favor of a Protestant noble who was deposed by the Bohemian Protestant

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Christian IV

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the Lutherian king of Denmark who was asked by the German Protestants for assistance

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Count of Tilly and Albrecht Wallenstein

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Ferdinand's best generals that the Dames suffered several crushing defeats at the hands of

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Gustavus Adolphus

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of Sweden, a great Lutheran warrior-king that landed in Germany with a well-trained army

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Battle of Lutzen

answer

- where the Swedes defeated Wallenstein's mercenaries - Gustavus was killed, dashing Swedish hopes of a Protestant confederation in northern Europe

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Peace of Westphalia

answer

treaty that ended the Thirty Year's War in 1648

question

1648

answer

the signing of the Peace of Westphalia

Chapter 15: Post-Reformation Europe (c. 1517-1650) – Flashcards

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