Modern Western Civilization Exam 1 – Flashcards

English philosopher, one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers; called the "Father of Classical Liberalism"; Two Treatise of Government - "consent of the governed"; Essay Concerning Human Understand - when we are born, we start with a blank space. We develop is from experiences.

a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and key Scottish Enlightenment figure. Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the "father of modern economics" and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today. Smith laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory. The Wealth of Nations was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics. In this and other works, he expounded upon how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. Smith was controversial in his own day and his general approach and writing style were often satirised by Tory writers in the moralising tradition of William Hogarth and Jonathan Swift.

radical; defended the Revolution; claimed that the Revolution was over.

a Quaker turned Congregationalist who was the author of numerous books, mostly written about women's role(s) in society. She argued that it was the religious duty of women, as daughters, wives, and mothers, to provide the influence for good that would improve society. Particularly well-known are The Wives of England, The Women of England, The Mothers of England, and The Daughters of England, also her more directly educational works such as Rawdon House and Education of the Heart: Women's Best Work. Related to her principal literary theme of moral education for women, she established Rawdon House in Hertfordshire; a school for young ladies intended to apply the principles illustrated in her books to the "moral training, the formation of character, and in some degree the domestic duties of young ladies." With few exceptions, boys and girls were educated separately in nineteenth century England, and the question of how to educate women was a subject of great debate. It was quite common for women, as well as men, to believe that they should not be educated in the full range of subjects, but should focus on domestic skills. Elizabeth Sandford wrote for women in support of this view, whilst others such as Susanna Corder ran a novel Quaker girl's school at Abney Park instituted by the philanthropist William Allen that dissented from convention by teaching all the latest sciences as early as the 1820s. In Education of the Heart: Women's Best Work (1869) Sarah Ellis accepted the importance of intellectual education for women as well as training in domestic duties, but stressed that because women were the earliest educators of the men who predominantly ran and decided upon education in Victorian society, women primarily needed a system of education that developed sound moral character in their offspring.

centralized authority; "Divine Right".

a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France. In French, it is known as the Château de Versailles. When the château was built, Versailles was a country village; today, however, it is a wealthy suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital. The court of Versailles was the center of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

named after Aristotle; dated explanation; idea that the earth is the center of the universe; earth is made up of 3 elements: water, air, fire; eventually Aristotles theory started to be modified.

(1564-1642) formulated law of inertia (object in matter will stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force); learned through investigation/experimentation; used teloscope to observe moon; Pope told Galileo that he cannot comment on what the ones are correct, which he didn't listen; was arrested and put on trial, eventually took back what he said to get out of trouble.

was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought. Rousseau was a successful composer of music, who wrote seven operas as well as music in other forms, and made contributions to music as a theorist. As a composer, his music was a blend of the late Baroque style and the emergent Classical fashion, and he belongs to the same generation of transitional composers as Christoph Willibald Gluck and C.P.E. Bach.

"Persian Letters"- used satire to spread enlightenment ideas; used characters Usbek and Rice to critize the monarchy.

The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

1st Estate: Clergy - tax exempt, collected title (offering to church), owned about 10% of the land. 2nd Estate: Nobility - special priveleges (wearing swords legally; press grapes to make wine, baking bread), owned 25% of the land. 3rd Estate: Commoners - agricultural workers; some were bourgeoisie - lawyers, government officials, and merchants (considered wealthy commoners).

write the new Constitution

three estates: Nobility (fought), Clergy (prayed), Commoners (worked).

the period of the French Revolution from Sept. 5, 1793, to July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor, year II). Caught up in civil and foreign war, the Revolutionary government decided to make "Terror" the order of the day (September 5 decree) and to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (nobles, priests, hoarders). In Paris a wave of executions followed. In the provinces, representatives on mission and surveillance committees instituted local terrors. The Terror had an economic side embodied in the Maximum, a price-control measure demanded by the lower classes of Paris, and a religious side that was embodied in the program of dechristianization pursued by the followers of Jacques Hébert. During the Terror, the Committee of Public Safety (of which Robespierre was the most prominent member) exercised virtual dictatorial control over French government. In the spring of 1794, it eliminated its enemies to the left (the Hébertists) and to the right (the Indulgents, or followers of Georges Danton). Still uncertain of its position, the committee obtained the Law of 22 Prairial, year II (June 10, 1794), which suspended a suspect's right to public trial and to legal assistance and left the jury only a choice between acquittal and death. The "Great Terror" that followed, in which about 1,400 persons were executed, contributed to the fall of Robespierre on July 27 (9 Thermidor). During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and many died in prison or without trial.

written during July on the new calender - Thermodor; post-terror government; end terror, repealed Law of Suspects; established a new constitution and government: Directory (5 person council)

Brought stability to France, reinforced earlier achievements. Created the 1804 Civil Code - defeated the land that the citizens earned (reconciliation with church).

(Saint Domingue) French colony-most profitable Carribean colony. Slave population: high death rate, many military veterans; Free population: divide by wealth and color. Individuals went to Saint Domingue to grow wealthy and to gain freedom.

Created by James Hargreaves; spins thread.

began in Great Britain in 1760. Changed the nature of work

Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain; restoration of Bourbon Monarchy; constitutional charter

Goal: Maintain pre-1789 status quo; opposed to national self-determination and liberalism.

Belief: cultural unity - common language, history, territory. Each people should be an independent nation-state. Reality: perception of unity often at odds with reality.

was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support from January 1855 by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont. The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan. Another major factor was the dispute between Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the holy places in Palestine.

along with Mizzini; war hero; "Red Shirts" invade Sicily.

The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it.[2] Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. Inspired in part by the American Revolution, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French revolution and had a major impact on the development of liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide.

freed slave of African descent. Helped slavery be abolished.

It contained almost two dozen questions that expressed the ideas of both Engels and Karl Marx at the time. In October 1847, Engels composed his second draft for the League, The Principles of Communism (which went unpublished until 1914). Once commissioned by the Communist League, Marx combined these drafts with Engels' 1844 work The Condition of the Working Class in England to write the Communist Manifesto.

(r. 1643-1715) absolute monarch; appoints councils from middle class lawyers to demonstrate to the public there was no intention of sharing power; used the Palace of Versailles as a control for the nobility. Called a meeting of Estates General, which clergy, nobility, and commoner representatives would go to the meeting. Each group would vote, but the commoners would most likely not have their votes heard. Commoners and a few nobility wanted to replace the Estates General by creating the National Assembly; arrested for treason and executed in Jan 1793.

(1619-1683) financial minister, merchantilist; wanted to increase exports and decrease the imports; believed exports brought in money and imports sent money out; wanted to compete with the Dutch for trade to bring in exports, which in turn would bring in gold and silver.

a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law.

(1642-1727) first to describe universal gravitation in his book Principia (1687); synthesized the work of Galileo, Kepler, and others; religious, professor, became obsessed with physics; strength of gravity depends on mass and distance of object.

(1473-1543) argued for a sun-centered universe; clergy man, deeply religious universe; very hesitant to reveal his ideas.

(1571-1630) mathematically proved laws of planetary motion; was able to prove that Aristotelian Universe was wrong; proved elliptical orbits; proved planets do not move at a uniform speed in orbit; time to orbit is related to distance from sun; proved Copernicus' theories correct.

the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues.

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

would continue meeting until a new constitution was written.

was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of theocracies and absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history. Following the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt and attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes. Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789. The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate taking control, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and a women's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. A central event of the first stage, in August 1789, was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime. The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy. In a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1793.

fortress, amory, royal prison; symbolic defeat for the king to have the people overthrow the royal prison.

Terror; Law of Suspects - arrests against anyone on vague suspiction; Level en masse (draft); social reforms in the name of reason (Ex. Metric system, new calender)

The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.

the French Revolutionary government set up by the Constitution of the Year III, which lasted four years, from November 1795 to November 1799. It included a bicameral legislature known as the Corps Législatif.

Spain and Great Britain wanted to take over St. Domingue. Oct 1793- slavery abolished in St. Domingue to help gain the free coloreds to fight with France.

fence around a plot of land (Netherlands and England)

inventor of the improved steam engine, not the original.

People are no longer worked with family; men were primary wage learners; women worked at home, employment opportunities were restricted; married women - after 1st child less likely to work for wages; married women with children worked when family is very poor; many single women worked for wages; dead end, low paying for women; segregated by sex.

The February revolution established the principle of the "right to work" (droit au travail), and its newly established government created "National Workshops" for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour. These tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists led to the June Days Uprising.

treated Prussia as a junior partner; driven from office in 1848.

Liberty and equality; representative government (limited to property owners); Laissez faire economics - new middle class.

Began in France. 3 characteristics: economic planning (government); greater economic equality; state regulation of property.

Atheist Philosophy - University of Berlin; influenced by Georg Hegel; historic changes driven by conflict (dialectical)

emperor of France from 1852 to 1870. His downfall came during the Franco-Prussian War, when his efforts to defeat Otto Von Bismarck ended in his capture.

minister president; "Junker" - Prussian aristocrat.

Sardinia politician; key figure in Italian unification. He was the founder of the original Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, a position he maintained (except for a six-month resignation) throughout the Second Italian War of Independence and Garibaldi's campaigns to unite Italy. After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy; he died after only three months in office, and thus did not live to see Venetia or Rome added to the new Italian nation.