art chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12 - Flashcards

question

Pigment

answer

Any coloring agent made from natural or synthetic substances, used in paints or drawing, usually in the form of very fine powder. "Provides color"

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Binder

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The sticky substance that holds the pigment particles together and attaches the pigment to the surface

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Vehicle

answer

Liquid emulsion used as a carrier or spreading agent in paints the vehicle makes the paint a liquid and can be added to the paint for thinning

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Examples of Binder

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linseed oil or acrylic polymer

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All Paints consist of three ingredients...

answer

Pigment, Binder, and Vehicle

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Tempera

answer

A water-based paint that uses egg yolk as a binder.

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Paint surface requires a...

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Support

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What is a support

answer

A physical material that provides the base for and sustains a 2D work of art. Surface that artist paints on.

question

What are some common supports?

answer

Wood panel, stretched canvas, and paper

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Size

answer

any of several substances Made from glue, wax, or clay, used as a filler for porous material such as paper, canvas, or other cloth. Used to protect the surface from the deteriorating effects of paint, particularly oil paint.

question

Primer

answer

A primary layer of paint applied to a surface that is to be painted. Used to create a uniform surface (usually white)

question

Watercolor

answer

Paint that uses water-soluble gum as the binder and water as the vehicle. Transparency

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Opaque

answer

Non-translucent. Also called gouache

question

Watercolor is a demanding medium because...

answer

It does not permit easy corrections or changes

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Gouache ( opaque)

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Resembles watercolor except that the vehicle includes small amounts of fine chalk powder that makes it opaque

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Calligraphy

answer

The art of beautiful writing. Broadly a flowing use of line, often varying from thick to thin

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Fresco ( true fresco or buon fresco )

answer

Painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface. Pigments dry to become a part of the plaster wall or surface. Colors reach greatest intensity 50-100 years after a fresco is painted The vehicle is water, and the binder is the lime present in the damp plaster.

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Fresno Secco ( dry fresco )

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done on finished, dry, lime-plaster walls

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Baroque Period

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The 17th century period in Europe characterized in the visual arts by dramatic light and shade, turbulent composition, and pronounced emotional expression

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Encaustic

answer

are suspended in hot beeswax, resulting in lustrous surfaces that bring out full richness of colors. A type of painting in which pigment is suspended in a binder of hot beeswax. Wax is both binder and vehicle

question

Casein

answer

Milk protein used as a binder in opaque water-based paint

question

Matte

answer

A dull finish or surface, especially in painting, photography, and ceramics

question

Gesso

answer

a mixture of glue chalk, thinned with water and applied as a ground before painting with oil or egg tempera . A chalky water-based liquid that dries to a bright white

question

Pros and Cons of Egg Tempera

answer

Good for achieving sharp lines and precise details, and it does not darken with age, but colors change during drying, and tempera dries rapidly

question

Glaze

answer

A very thin transparent film of color applied over a previously painted surface. Give depth to painting surfaces by allowing light to pass through and reflect from lower paint layers

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Pros and Cons of Oil

answer

Can provide increased opacity(yields better covering power), and when thinned, greater transparency. Also it's slow drying time whihc allows artists to blend strokes of color and make changes during the painting process. Colors in oil change little when drying. BUT the binder has a tendency to darken and yellow slightly with age

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ground

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the surface onto which paint is applied, consisting of sizing plus primer.

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when applied thickly

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it is called impasto ( oil paint works best for this technique )

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impasto

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thick paint applied to a surface in a heavy manner, having the appearance and consistency of butter paste or of cake frosting.

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Direct Painting

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Executing a painting in one sitting, applying wet over wet colors

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Acrylic

answer

A clear synthetic resin used as a binder in acrylic paint and as a casting material in sculpture

question

Pros and cons of Acrylic

answer

Binder is acrylic polymer, a synthetic resin that provides a fast-drying flexible film. Because acrylic resin binder is transparent, colors maintain high degree of intensity. Rarely darken or yellow with age. Has quick drying time

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Airbrushes

answer

A small-scale paint sprayer that allows the artist to control a fine mist of paint A small-scale paint sprayer capable of projecting a fine, controlled mist of paint it provides an even paint application without the personal touch of individual brush strokes , and it is therefore well suited to creating subtle gradations of color.

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Keltie Ferris

answer

++++****)))) Uses spray paint

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Jeremy Blake

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Sodium Fox DVD collage, uses poem by David Berman

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Anne Trutt

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Return Used acrylic

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Joan Mitchell

answer

Untitled Uses oil pain

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Tom Wudl

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Rembrandt's Indulgence was Van Gogh's Dilemma Uses oil, Trompe l'oeil qualities

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Jan Van Eyck

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Madonna and Child With the Chancellor Rolin Uses oil

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Sandro Botticelli

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The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti Tempera

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Portrait of a Boy

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Encaustic

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Diego Rivera

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Detroit Industry Fresco

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Zhang Daqian

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Hidden Valley, After Guo XI Watercolor

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John Singer Sargent

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Rio de Santa Maria Formosa, Venice Watercolor

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Lita Albuquerque

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Wind Painting 01.08.12, 1:10:44 PM PST

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How does drawing and painting connect?

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Drawing isi often a natural prelude to painting, and painting is often drawing with paint.

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pigment must

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pigments colors must be stable while drying and resist fading over time.

question

in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, major advances in the chemical industry made it possible to produce synthetic pigments that extend the available range of stable colors

answer

ground minerals and dried plant juices were the most common pigment sources in ancient times

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support require sealing to lessen their absorptive qualities and to smooth them by filling in the pores of the material

answer

sealant is called size

question

wood and canvas require sizing

answer

paper used for watercolor does not use sizing

question

most common today is white rag paper

answer

because of its superior absorbency and long-lasting qualities.

question

Pigment

answer

Any coloring agent made from natural or synthetic substances, used in paints or drawing, usually in the form of very fine powder. "Provides color"

question

Binder

answer

The sticky substance that holds the pigment particles together and attaches the pigment to the surface

question

Vehicle

answer

Liquid emulsion used as a carrier or spreading agent in paints the vehicle makes the paint a liquid and can be added to the paint for thinning

question

Examples of Binder

answer

linseed oil or acrylic polymer

question

All Paints consist of three ingredients...

answer

Pigment, Binder, and Vehicle

question

Tempera

answer

A water-based paint that uses egg yolk as a binder.

question

Paint surface requires a...

answer

Support

question

What is a support

answer

A physical material that provides the base for and sustains a 2D work of art. Surface that artist paints on.

question

What are some common supports?

answer

Wood panel, stretched canvas, and paper

question

Size

answer

any of several substances Made from glue, wax, or clay, used as a filler for porous material such as paper, canvas, or other cloth. Used to protect the surface from the deteriorating effects of paint, particularly oil paint.

question

Primer

answer

A primary layer of paint applied to a surface that is to be painted. Used to create a uniform surface (usually white)

question

Watercolor

answer

Paint that uses water-soluble gum as the binder and water as the vehicle. Transparency

question

Opaque

answer

Non-translucent. Also called gouache

question

Watercolor is a demanding medium because...

answer

It does not permit easy corrections or changes

question

Gouache ( opaque)

answer

Resembles watercolor except that the vehicle includes small amounts of fine chalk powder that makes it opaque

question

Calligraphy

answer

The art of beautiful writing. Broadly a flowing use of line, often varying from thick to thin

question

Fresco ( true fresco or buon fresco )

answer

Painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface. Pigments dry to become a part of the plaster wall or surface. Colors reach greatest intensity 50-100 years after a fresco is painted The vehicle is water, and the binder is the lime present in the damp plaster.

question

Fresno Secco ( dry fresco )

answer

done on finished, dry, lime-plaster walls

question

Baroque Period

answer

The 17th century period in Europe characterized in the visual arts by dramatic light and shade, turbulent composition, and pronounced emotional expression

question

Encaustic

answer

are suspended in hot beeswax, resulting in lustrous surfaces that bring out full richness of colors. A type of painting in which pigment is suspended in a binder of hot beeswax. Wax is both binder and vehicle

question

Casein

answer

Milk protein used as a binder in opaque water-based paint

question

Matte

answer

A dull finish or surface, especially in painting, photography, and ceramics

question

Gesso

answer

a mixture of glue chalk, thinned with water and applied as a ground before painting with oil or egg tempera . A chalky water-based liquid that dries to a bright white

question

Pros and Cons of Egg Tempera

answer

Good for achieving sharp lines and precise details, and it does not darken with age, but colors change during drying, and tempera dries rapidly

question

Glaze

answer

A very thin transparent film of color applied over a previously painted surface. Give depth to painting surfaces by allowing light to pass through and reflect from lower paint layers

question

Pros and Cons of Oil

answer

Can provide increased opacity(yields better covering power), and when thinned, greater transparency. Also it's slow drying time whihc allows artists to blend strokes of color and make changes during the painting process. Colors in oil change little when drying. BUT the binder has a tendency to darken and yellow slightly with age

question

ground

answer

the surface onto which paint is applied, consisting of sizing plus primer.

question

when applied thickly

answer

it is called impasto ( oil paint works best for this technique )

question

impasto

answer

thick paint applied to a surface in a heavy manner, having the appearance and consistency of butter paste or of cake frosting.

question

Direct Painting

answer

Executing a painting in one sitting, applying wet over wet colors

question

Acrylic

answer

A clear synthetic resin used as a binder in acrylic paint and as a casting material in sculpture

question

Pros and cons of Acrylic

answer

Binder is acrylic polymer, a synthetic resin that provides a fast-drying flexible film. Because acrylic resin binder is transparent, colors maintain high degree of intensity. Rarely darken or yellow with age. Has quick drying time

question

Airbrushes

answer

A small-scale paint sprayer that allows the artist to control a fine mist of paint A small-scale paint sprayer capable of projecting a fine, controlled mist of paint it provides an even paint application without the personal touch of individual brush strokes , and it is therefore well suited to creating subtle gradations of color.

question

Keltie Ferris

answer

++++****)))) Uses spray paint

question

Jeremy Blake

answer

Sodium Fox DVD collage, uses poem by David Berman

question

Anne Trutt

answer

Return Used acrylic

question

Joan Mitchell

answer

Untitled Uses oil pain

question

Tom Wudl

answer

Rembrandt's Indulgence was Van Gogh's Dilemma Uses oil, Trompe l'oeil qualities

question

Jan Van Eyck

answer

Madonna and Child With the Chancellor Rolin Uses oil

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Sandro Botticelli

answer

The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti Tempera

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Portrait of a Boy

answer

Encaustic

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Diego Rivera

answer

Detroit Industry Fresco

question

Zhang Daqian

answer

Hidden Valley, After Guo XI Watercolor

question

John Singer Sargent

answer

Rio de Santa Maria Formosa, Venice Watercolor

question

Lita Albuquerque

answer

Wind Painting 01.08.12, 1:10:44 PM PST

question

How does drawing and painting connect?

answer

Drawing isi often a natural prelude to painting, and painting is often drawing with paint.

question

pigment must

answer

pigments colors must be stable while drying and resist fading over time.

question

in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, major advances in the chemical industry made it possible to produce synthetic pigments that extend the available range of stable colors

answer

ground minerals and dried plant juices were the most common pigment sources in ancient times

question

support require sealing to lessen their absorptive qualities and to smooth them by filling in the pores of the material

answer

sealant is called size

question

wood and canvas require sizing

answer

paper used for watercolor does not use sizing

question

most common today is white rag paper

answer

because of its superior absorbency and long-lasting qualities.

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Prints

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is thus one of a series of nearly identical pieces. usually printed on paper. . print are made from matrix. Multiples of something

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Matrix

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- the black of metal, wood, stone, or other material that an artist works to create a print Original- created from metal, wood, or stone

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Edition

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Group of images from the same matrix

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Often numbered

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Ex: 2 of 30

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Progressive proofs

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at various stages to see how the image on the matrix is developing. when satisfactory stage is reached the artist makes a few prints for his recored and personal used. these are marked AP, meaning artist's proof.

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What does AP mean to a printmaker?

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Artist Proof; the one the artist says "this is it". Want the lowest number 1/20 as opposed to 5/20. The closer to the original, the better. The consumer wants the first because the more copies made, the more they tend to breakdown.

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Artist's Proof

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A trial print, usually made as an artist works on a plate or block, to check the progress of a work.

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Purposes of printmaking

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-Developed in China -Developed in Europe -Icons

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Reasons to make prints

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-they may wish to make multiple works that are Less expensive than paintings or sculptures, so that their work will be available for purchase by a wider group of viewers. -they may wish to influence social causes. because prints are multiple works, they are Easy to distribute for more widely than a unique work of art. -they may be fascinated by the process of printmaking, which is an absorbing craft in itself.n Available to public

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methods of printmaking

answer

relief, Intaglio, Lithography, Stencil

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Relief prints

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- A technique in which the parts of the printing surface that carry ink are left raised, while remaining areas are cut away. Example: fingerprints, rubber stamps, wet tires

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Relief (woodcuts or woodblocks)p130

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-Oldest type of relief prints -Limited to editions

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Name 3 types of Relief printing processes.

answer

woodcuts (woodblocks), Linoleum cut, and Wood engraving

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Woodcut

answer

A type of relief print made from a plank of relatively soft wood. The artist carves away the negative spaces, leaving the image in relief to take ink for printing.

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wood engraving

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used for book illustration , use very dense wood ( often boxwood) , makes large editions possible.

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Utagawa Hiroshige-Shono hakuu

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-Artist had to use 4 blocks to create piece since there were 4 colors -They're going to Tokyo (woodblock)

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Emil Nolde- Prophet

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White is raw paper, and the black is inked on

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Linocut ( linoleum cut) p132

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- A modern development in relief printing. Softer than wood, has no grain, and can be cut with equal ease in any direction. --------- Gouging of synthetic linoleum surface in area not intended to take ink. Can be cut easily

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Elizabeth Catlett-Sharecropper

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Dignified African Americans.. Line work is Multidirectional

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Betsabee Romero

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Contemporary artist of Mexico Carve relief patterns in used tires Sells by the yard (installation)

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Name 3 types of Intaglio printing processes.

answer

Engraving, Etching, Aquatint, and Dry point.

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Intaglio

answer

Areas below the surface hold the ink. Means "to cut into" (opposite of relief) - Any printmaking technique in which lines and areas to be linked are recessed below the surface of the printing plate.

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Engraving p133

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- An intaglio printmaking process in which grooves are cut into a metal or wood surface with a sharp cutting tool called a burin or graver. - Artist use a burin, or engraving tool, on a metal plate. Lines not drawn freely due to pressure. US currency, a successful engraving requires precise, smooth curves and parallel lines

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Albrecht Durer-The Knight, Death, and the Devil

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1000s of lines are making the image. Portraying Christian Knight in choatic environment with the devil (engraving)

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Principal intaglio processes

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Engraving, drypoint, and etching

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Drypoint p133

answer

- An intaglio printmaking process in which lines are scratched directly into a metal place with a steel needle. The scratch raises a ridge that takes the ink. Also, the resulting print. -------------------- Similar to line engraving. using a pointed tool with a steel or diamond tip, the artist scratches lines into a soft copper or zinc plate. Would don use for multiple points. Will create a blurred image. lines are difficult to execute and almost impossible to correct.

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Etching 133 , 135

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1. Wax or varinsh 2. Drawing which exposes the metal. 3.Nitric Acid-lines become more relaxed - An intaglio printmaking process in which a metal plate is first coated with acid-resistant wax or varnish, then scratched to expose the metal to the bite of nitric acid where lines are desired. Also, the resulting print.

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Rembrandt van Rijn-Christ Preaching

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uses etching, engraving and drypoint.

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What is the name of a planographic printing process? Lithography.

answer

Lithography.

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Lithography p136

answer

- A planographic printmaking technique based on the antipathy of oil and water. The image is drawn with a grease crayon or painted with tusche on a stone or grained aluminum plate. The surface is then chemically treated and dampened so that it will accept ink only where the crayon or tusche has been used. ------------------------------ Place repellant on surface. tusche=oil based. Drawing will remain if oil is on it. Artist draws image on limestone or plate without cutting. - early nineteenth century - is surface or planographic printing process based on the mutual antipathy of oil and water. -Lithography lends itself well to a direct manner of working because the artist draws an image on the surface of the stone or plate without any cutting. - its directness makes lithography faster and somewhat more flexible than other methods. - more difficult to distinguish from a crayon drawing. - was new early 1800s - can reused after cleaning -

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using crayons , litho pencils , or greasy liquid In lithography, a waxy liquid used to draw or paint images on a lithographic stone or plate.

answer

called tusche

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Lithography process

answer

Completed image is treated with gum arabic. Surface is dampened with water and ink. cover with paper and run through press.

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Lithography example

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1. Draw with oil based ink 2. Water over ink3. Ink sticks to paper, not water

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Honore Daumier-Rue Transnonian

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Used lithographs to illustrate newspaper images. Military killed innocent man. Light creates drama. One of the first lithographic artists.

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Stencil p140

answer

A sheet with a design cut out of it., painting or spraying over the sheet transfers the design to the picture plane. , but can't shade. Is favored by street artist. - quick way to making lettering or repeated design on wall.

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Kim McCarthy-Urban Buddha

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Made with stencil. Does not have a wide range of colors.

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Screenprinting

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(Slikscreen or serigraphy) - A technique in which stencils are applied to fabric stretched across a frame and paint or ink is forced through the unblocked portions of the screen onto paper or another surface beneath. - Take a stencil with cut out and add a screen to it. Uniform colors, and poster production Cannot reverse image as in other printmaking processes - allows the production of large nearly mass-produced editions without loss of quality. Lends itself to poster production - silk was the traditional material used for screen - Screenprinting is well suited to production of images with areas of uniform color. - each separate color requires different screen, but registering and printing are relatively simple

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Ester Hernandez-Sun Mad

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Used to protest pesticides in agriculture

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Contemporary Approaches

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Digital can be used or pre prints. Editions works are based on mold.

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Ellen Gallagher- Deluxe

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Commenting on how these magazines were altering African American appearances.

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Nicola Lopez-Blighted

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Printed on Mylar. Installation of remembering 9/11/2001

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offset lithography

answer

Lithography printing by indirect image transfer from photomechanical plates. The plate transfers ink to a rubber-covered cylinder, which "offsets" the ink to the paper. Also called photo-offset lithography.

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registration

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in color printmaking or machine printing, the process of aligning the impressions of blocks or plates on the same sheet of paper

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Aquatint

answer

An intaglio printmaking process in which value areas rather than lines are etched on the printing plate. Powdered resin is sprinkled on the plate, which is then immersed in an acid bath. The acid bites around the resin, particles, creating a rough surface that holds ink. Also, a print made using this process.

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Photo Screen

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A variation of silkcreen in which the stencil is prepared by transferring a photograph to the stencil.

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What is the difference between original print and reproduction?

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Original print has value as an original; reproduction is the copy.

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What artist utilized the printing medium for the creation of posters depicting nightclub acts in Paris in the late 19th century?

answer

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.

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What technical element accounts for the visible details seen throughout Jane and Louise Wilson's Photograph

answer

The photograph's exposure time

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Evolution of photograph 144

answer

the desire of Renaissance artist to make accurate depiction of nature was the original impetus behind the eventual invention of photography

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Photography p144

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Literally means "light writing" accurate description ( light - drawing )

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Camera Obscura

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Means "The dark room" - The forerunner of the modern camera, a dark room ( or box) with a small hole in one side, through which an inverted image of the view outside is projected onto the opposite wall, screen, or mirror , and then traced.

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Photography grew out of the fact 145

answer

reflected sunlight passing through a small hole in the wall of darkened room project onto the opposite wall an inverted image of whatever lies outside.

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fifteenth century 15

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Leonardo da Vinci described the device as aid to observation and picture making.

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Light Sensitive Emotional(Salt)

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Allows to capture image onto other surface

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Niepce

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Makes first vague photograph

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first great portrait photographers p146

answer

Julia Margaret Cameron 1864

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Daguerre

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developed first developed photograph and named after self

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Henry Fox Talbert

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Creates "Calotype"

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Calotype

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lead to making multiple prints from one negative

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Images

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"mirrors with a memory"

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Most Pictures of Ca. Gold Rush are

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Daguerreotypes

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Daguerreotypes

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A photography taken by an early photographic process developed in 1930s, in which a treated metal plate was exposed to light, and the chemical reactions on the plate created the first satisfactory photographic images.

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Julia Margaret Cameron

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Pioneered closeups and lighting. One of first great portrait photographs.

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Frederick Scott Archer

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Invented wet-plate process or collodion, smooth glass captured more detail, still stationery

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Tintype

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Photograph taken on tin

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Civil War

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First war in which photos were used to document activity

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Eadweard Muybridge

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Known for taking pictures of animals in motion

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Why was photography not at first accepted as an art form?

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Because it was reliant on mechanical device

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Alfred Stieglitz

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Key in process of accepting photography as an art form.

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How did Alfred Stieglitz promote photography p148

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Opened photo gallery in NYC in 1905. Founded Magazine called Camera Work, published photos alongside art essays

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Alfred Stieglitz Photography

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Does straight photography

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Straight Photography

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Photos produced with no technical manipulation of negative

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Henri Carter-Bresson

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Coined phrase "The decisive moment"

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Man Ray

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Manipulates images. Rayographs.

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Rayographs

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Made by placing objects on light-sensitive paper and exposing them to sunlight. Not really photographs. No camera or lenses.

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Lewis Hine

answer

Interchangeable with Jacob Riis

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Lewis Hine Photograph

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Coal Breakers

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Jacob Riis

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Photographer for social change, influence development of housing authority.

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Jacob Riis Photograph

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Five Cents a Spot

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Margaret Bourke-White

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Concept of photographic essay

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Photo Essay

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A collection of photographs on a single subject, arranged to tell a story or convey a mood in a way not possible with a single photograph

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Is Margaret Bourke-White a photojournalist or fine art photographer

answer

BOTH

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Ansel Adams

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Needs for conservation of natural environment. Grandeur of Nature. Symbols of spiritual life.

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photography began

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as black and white ( brown and white ) for one hundred years

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development of color photography began 1907 with the invention of positive color transparencies

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1936 Kodak company making color film

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1936 the kay of invention came with Kodachrome film, which substantially improved the versatility and accuracy of color photography.

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1960 most art photographers disdained color film , first because the negatives were unstable, later because color was associated with family snapshots and tourist photographs.

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20s technical problems with color persisted 153

answer

- Film and printing papers were expensive, and color prints faded overtime

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Ansel Adams Photograph

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Clearing Winter Park, Yosemite National Park, California. Need for environmental life

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Why was color photography not used until 1970?

answer

Disdain for color photography

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William Eggleston

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Exhibited his color work at the Museum of Modern Art in 1976, the world took notice and a new branch of photography was born.

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Susan Derges

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lays large sheets of photosensitive paper on the bottom of shallow ponds at night, and captures the look of the night sky through the water

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Binh Danh 154

answer

Invented method of recording photos onto plant material. Uses Daguerreotype.

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Chlorophyll printing p 154

answer

Takes Photographs and attaches them to leaves. Then place the leaf and photo between layers of glass, and expose them outdoors for up to several weeks. Sunlight Transfers the photographic images to the leaves.

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Zoe Leonard

answer

Used postcards as artifacts

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Jeff Wall p156

answer

Calls himself a "Near-document photographer" fabricates and stages photos.

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Alfred Stieglitz Photo

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Spring Showers, New York

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end of twentieth 20 century

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the chemical photographic negative began to go out of fashion under the impact of new digital technology.

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Henri Carter-Bresson Photo

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Place De L'Europe Behind The Gare St.-Lazare, Paris

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Manuel Alvarez Bravo Photo

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Two Pairs of Legs

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Man Ray Photo

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Rayograph

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Margaret Bourke-White Photo

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Louisville Flood Victims

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Gary Braasch Photo

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Polar Bear Outside Barrow, Alaska

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William Eggleston Photo

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Untitled(Nehi Bottle On Car Hood)

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Susan Derges Photo

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Gibbous Moon Cloud

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Zoe Leonard Photo

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You See I am Here After All

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Jeff Wall Photo

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Boy Falls From Tree

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Evolution of photograph

answer

Three hundred years ago.The desire of Renaissance artist to make the accurate deceptions of nature was the original impetus behind the eventual invention of photography

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Camera Obscura

answer

Or Dark Room. 15th century. A fixed room or portable chamber.

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Joseph nicephore niepce

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First vague photograph by him in 1826. Put a Sensitized metal plate to light for 8 hrs.

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Louis Jacques Mande p 145

answer

First satisfactory photographs Daguerreotype. Put iodized silver plates on mercury vapor.

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daguerreotype only take stationary object because

answer

take long time

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Evolution of camera obscura

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16th century, Regular camera obscura 17th century portable camera obscura 17 to 19 century table model camera obscura

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Photo: sunglight trees

answer

Jane and Louise Wilson ( The Silence Is Twice as Fast Backwards) *Photograph

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Photo guy boliando shoe

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Louis-Jacques Mande Daguerre (Le boulevard du temple) *diaguerreotype

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Photo: two girls

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Julia Margaret cameron (Paul and Virginia) * albumen print

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Photo: Pinkish rain with tree

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Alfred Stieglitz (Spring showers New York) * photograph

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Photo:legs on the building

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Manuel Alvarez Bravo (two pairs of legs) *gelatin Silver print

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Photo: light from roof

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Man ray (rayograph) *gelatin Silver print

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Photo: Poor man in one room

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Jacob Riis (five cents a spot) *gelatin silver print

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Photo:big sign of happy family

answer

Margaret bourke-white.(Louisville Flood victims) * photograph

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Photo mountains and trees

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Ansel adams (clearing winter storm yosemite,California) * photograph

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Photo Polar bear

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Gary braasch (polar bear outside barrow)

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Photo Coke on car

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William eggleston (untitled) * Color photograph

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Photo Green Pond flowers

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Susan derges (Gibbous Moon cloud) *unique ilfochrome print

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Photo butterfly face

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Binh danh (iridescence of life #7) *chlorophyll print, butterfly specimen, and resin

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Photo: Dallas look-alike

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Binh Danh ( angkor wat) daguerrotype

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Photo postcard on wall

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Zoe leonard ( you see I am here after all)

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Photo boy falling

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Jeff wall( boy falls from the tree) *color photograph

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Cinematography p159

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the art of photography and camerawork in filmmaking

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leland Stanford

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the art of cinema made a major advance when he made a bet in 1972 that all four horses hooves come of the ground simultaneously when it ran

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Film

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before movies(flipbooks and magic lantern)

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movie p159

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- is a visual experience. - illusion of motion is made possible by the persistence of vision, the brief retention of an image on the retina our eyes after a stimulus is removed

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film's rhythmic p159

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time - based structure makes motion picture photography a very different sort visual art from painting of from still photography.

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shot

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- each piece of film photographed in a continuous running of the camera - any uninterrupted run of film camera , shots are compiled into scenes then into movies

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film makes possible a dynamic relationship among three kinds of movement

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1- the movement of objects within a shot 2- the movement of the camera toward and away from action 3- the movement created by the sequence of shot.

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p159

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A painter or photographer designs a single moment , but a film maker design sequences that work together in time

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p 159

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much of the power of film comes from reconstruct time

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p 159

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film is not inhibited by the constraints of clock time, it can convincing present the past, the present , and the future, or it can mix all three in any manner

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p 159

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film time can affect us more deeply than clock time, because film sequences can be constructed to approximate the way we feel about time. - TO editing, filmmakers can manipulate time by slowing or accelerating motion.

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first film makers p 160

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georges Melies by 1913, over 500 films most of them just a few minutes based on narration of single event

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Film editing p 174

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- a process in which the editor selects the best shots from raw footage and then reassembles into meaningful sequences ->> finally into a total unified progression - the process by which an editor complies shots into scenes and into a flim

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p160

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Griffith used parallel editing to compare events occurring at the same time in different places or different times - first to use the close-up and the long shot - close- up most use today used shots

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Surrealist artist Salvador Dali

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1929

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Eadweard Muybridge "The Horse in Motion"(1878)

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commissioned to see if horse legs would lift off of the floor, first cinema and improvement of faster photos

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persistence of vision

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retina will hold image, can relate a moving image to reality, illusion of motion made possible

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George Melies "Voyage to the Moon" (1902)

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30 years to master sound, men shot to moon to encounter pacific islanders

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D.W. Griffith "Intolerance (The Modern Story)" (1916) p161

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interested in moving camera are, first to use close and long shots like a director - Introduced montage is the editing technique of combining a number of very brief shots, representing distinct but related subject matter, in order to create new relationships, build strong emotion, or indicate the passage of time.

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Sergei Eisenstein

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- emerged as major film artist in west in Russia 1917 - developed Griffith's film techniques and became the first filmmakers to produce epic films of high quality - major contributions was his skilled use of montage to heighten dramatic intensity

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Sergei Eisenstein "The Battleship Potemkin" (1925)

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portrays tragic events, close ups and long shots, breif shots relating to one subject manner -

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The moving Image

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Hollywood = film capital, if films did not get approved they didnt show, people were trying to control what was out there meaning content

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Orson Welles "Citizen Kane" (1941)

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interested in how they sensationalized news, commentary on person, extreme angels, dramatic lighting, dialogues between scenes

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Edgar G. Ulmer "Detour" ( 1945)

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known for black and white sense, drak side of the american dream, main character ends up being the murder suspect, diverse lighting and angels

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Oskar Fischlinger "Circles" ( 1933-1934) p158

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first experimental color film, inserted in advertisement in Germany - non representational film.

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1930

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- introduced color - Hollywood had become the film capital of the world . p162

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Animation, special effects and processes began 1930 - animators from the walt disney studio have meticulously explored the possibilities of animation - Disney created a new form of film p166 - initially portrayed on storyboard ( a series of drawing or paintings arranged in sequence ) , which were then used to visualize the major shots in the film

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p 166

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1950

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wide screen and three dimensional images

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film noir p163

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a genre of dark and brooding black-and-white films originating in Hollywood in the 1940s

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unprecedented array of cinematic p163

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- dramatic lighting that communicates feeling - distorted lenses - dialog that bridges breaks between scenes - clever editing to show the passage of time

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Kenneth Anger "Scorpro Rising" (1964)

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experimental film not mainstream, may not always have narrative

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Animation p166

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Walt Disney and storyboards, 24 frames per second in major shots - initially portrayed on storyboard ( a series of drawing or paintings arranged in sequence ) , which were then used to visualize the major shots in the film

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Walt Disney "Fantasia" ( 1940)

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very colorful frames with Mickey Mouse

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Guillermo Del Torro "Pan's Labyrinth" (2006)

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international production, fantasy and reality, little girl and faceless guy in 1930, imagination to cope with bad things

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Ridley Scott "Prometheus" (2012)

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blockbuster movie, angled cameras and human with digital

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DCP p167

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Digital Cinema Package. Blockbusters is something successful, draw international audiences

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Paik

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multiple tvs with same picture resembling american flag

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television p169

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vision from afar, sony had first portable video recording camera in 1965 - first exhibition of computer generated digital imagery 1965 p171

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Video is the medium for television it is can be an artform

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p 169

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Matthew Barney "Cremaster 3"(2012)

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elaborate storylines including heavy metal, murder, guy looking at architect to kill him but then the building kills him

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Lynn Hershman Leeson "DiNA" (2004)

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digital stimulation, realtime and projected audiences, women is talking to imaginary audience through picture

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digital artforms p172

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computer to solve different types of art forms, photoshop is limitless, artist are combining sound forms

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p172

answer

artist used computers to make drawing with plotter: a small ink-bearing , wheeled device that moves over a piece of paper drawing a line in one color according to programmed instructions

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Montage

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in motion pictures, the combining of shots into a rapid sequence to portray the character of a single event through multiple views

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Graphic Design p176

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- The process of working with words and pictures the enhance visual communication - creative process employing art and technology to communicate ideas. - graphic designer produce visual composition meant to attract, inform, and persuade - a good designer can memorably arrange text and image for benefit of both.

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Typography p176

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is the art and technique of composing printed materials from (type )letterform ( typefaces or fonts ) Printed materials from letterform. Since Chinese invented printing eleventh century, 1000s of typefaces have been created helped recently by digital technology

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Donald Meeker-Clearview Highway Typeface

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Tasked with making it more readable. Spacing and letter sizing is larger and easier to read. He expanded hollow spaces.

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Heidi Cody- American Alphabet

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she took letters from food boxes to make the alphabet

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Superflex-Bankrupt Bank Series

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radiant image-sovereign bank C or half moon, orb, siloette of eagle

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Logos p178

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- a sign, name , or trademark of institution, firm, or publication, consisting of letterforms or pictorial elements. - Identifying mark or trademarks based on letterforms combined with pictorial elements. - Present a distinct and memorable appearance

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Chaz Maviyane-Davies-Article 15

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Reminding us as rights as American Citizens (If posters get clustered, it means its a bad poster.)

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Posters p178

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is a concise Visual announcements that providing information through the integrated design of typographic and pictorial imagery - Concept is more than 100 years old. - nineteenth century most posters were lithographs and many artists made extra income by designing them.

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Micheal Schuurman-Matter of Monument

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Poster Example Type is about places and opinions in Amsterdam. Voicing communities point of view

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Jamie Reid-God Save the Queen

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Poster Example Use of image and use of text. 1 of the best album covers of all time

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Motion Graphics p181

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visual effects, live action and animation used in a two dimensional project that moves How design is being influenced by technology. - time based sequences in Web sites , television commercials, public signage and music videos

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Title Sequence p181

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- the roll of credits at the beginning of a motion picture or television program . -Used in motion graphics Beginning of movie "Saul Bass" 1960

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Kyle Cooper-Title Sequence of Se7en p182

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Sequence is presenting narrative information before even beginning the movie.

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Scott Snibbe- Biophilia Apps

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Designed 4 view to listen to songs and lyrics. Biophilia Apps

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Interactive Design p184

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Designs the organize interactive information while keeping layouts attractive

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Terada Design Architects

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When you scan the building, it leads you to their web page

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Quietrevolution

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A more elegant turbin. It is silent and does not kill birds. Motorcycles and art/technology is mixed.

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Fuseproject p186

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Tablet computer that every child got. It is symbol based so it is universal $100 each and is being adopted all over the world.

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Font

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the name given to a style of type

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Sculpture meant to be seen from all sides is called ________ or ________.

answer

in-the-round/freestanding

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Types of sculpture p188

answer

freestanding and relief

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A sculpture that is not freestanding but projects from a background surface is in ________.

answer

relief p188

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In a _____________ sculpture, the projection from the surface is slight.

answer

low-relief or bas-relief p188

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In a _____________ sculpture, more than half of the natural circumference of the modeled form projects from the surrounding surface, and figures are often substantially undercut.

answer

high-relief p189

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Traditional sculpture has been made by p190

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Modeling , casting , carving , constructing , and assembling , or a combination of these processes - Modeling is usually an additive pliable material such as clay , wax , or plaster is build up , removed , and pushed into a final form.

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armature p191

answer

very small pieces with a rigid inner support.

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when clay is modeled to form a large sculptures p191

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the total pieces can be build in relatively small , separately fired , structurally self-sufficient sections , thereby eliminating the need for an armature

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________ is a manipulative and often additive process.

answer

Modeling

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Casting p192

answer

processes make it possible to execute a work in an easy handled medium ( as clay )and then to reproduce the result in more permanent materiel ( such as bronze ) - because most casting involves the substitution of one material for anther . - also called substitution process

question

processes of bronze was highly developed in ancient

answer

china , Greece , part of africa. - used extensively in west from Renaissance to modern times

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Casting requires several steps p192

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1- a mold is taken from the original work. 2- the original sculpture is removed from the mold, this may require disassembly of either the original or the mold. 3- the casting liquid is poured into the resulting hollow cavity of the mold. 4- when the casting liquid has hardened, the mold is removed.

question

Carving . Who preferred this method?

answer

away unwanted material to form a sculpture is a subtractive process. - preferred this method is Michelangelo - Making sculpture was a process of releasing the form from within the block of stone

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Marble has been a preferred material in the west for outdoor sculpture for centuries , but modern air pollution and acid rain harm the stone making it far less desirable today p195

answer

Granite avoid theses pitfalls and thus is often used for out door monuments such as tombstones , but granite is so hard that carving in detail is difficult. p195

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Sandstone and limestone are sedimentary material that have also found wide use in many parts of the world p195

answer

sedimentary stone are relatively soft allowing much detail and can be polished to a high gloss, though wether reduce this over time p195

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ancient Egyptians used schist , a dense stone similar to slate p195

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the jade that is the Chinese favORED is so hard and brittle that can only be ground down by abrasion of filing hence it is suitable only for small pieces p195

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Carving is the most challenging of the three basic sculptural methods p195

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because it is one way technique that provides little or no opportunity to correct errors before beginning to cut , the sculptor must visualize the finished form from every angle within the original block of material .

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wood carving , sculptors prefer walnut and cypress because

answer

of their strength and ease of working p196

question

Early in the twentieth century, __________ methods became popular. Such works are called ______________ . p198

answer

assembling/constructions ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???

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1895 invention of oxyacetylene welding

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necessary tool for welded metal sculpture, but it took three decades for artist to utilize the new tool's potential p198

question

kinetic sculpture p201

answer

-Alexander Calder first to explore possibilities of kinetic sculpture or sculpture that moves. -Sculptors' traditional focus on mass is replaced in Calder's work by a focus on shape, space and movement.

question

_________ was among the first to explore the possibilities of kinetic sculpture.

answer

Calder

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__________ coined mobile as a term used to describe kinetic sculpture.

answer

Duchamp

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__________ describe works of art that use a variety of media in a single work.

answer

Mixed media p201

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__________ transforms a space in a gallery in an effort to tell a story visually. - transforms a space by bringing into it items of symbolic significance

answer

Installation

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Sculpture designed for a particular place is called _________.

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site-specific p202

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site-specific more famous in the u.s

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because of a lawsuit that tested the limits of the artist's power p 202

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additive sculpture p205

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sculpture form produced by adding , combining , or building up material from a core or ( in some cases ) an armature

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assemblage p205

answer

sculpture made by assembling found or cast-off objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to total content of the work

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casting

answer

a process that involves pouring liquid material such as molten, metal, clay, wax, to plaster into a mold; when the liquid hardens, the mold is removed, and a form in the shape of the mold is left

question

freestanding p205

answer

describes any piece or type of sculpture that is meant to be seen from all sides

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kinetic sculpture

answer

sculpture that incorporates actual movement as part of the design

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relief p205

answer

sculpture in which three-dimensional forms project from the flat background of which they are a part

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site-specific p205

answer

any work made for a certain place, which cannot be separated or exhibited apart from its intended environment

question

subtractive sculpture p205

answer

sculpture made by removing material from a larger block form

question

List all ways sculptures may be made.

answer

Modeling, casting, carving, constructing, assembling

question

What is an armature?

answer

An armature is a rigid inner support for soft sculpting materials to prevent the sculpture from sagging.

question

Why is casting called the substitution or replacement process?

answer

Most casting involves the substitution of one material for another.

question

Why is carving the most difficult of the three basic sculptural methods?

answer

Carving is a one-way technique that provides little to no opportunity to correct errors.

question

What is assemblage?

answer

Assemblage is a technique using found objects to create a sculpture.

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What is kinetic sculpture?

answer

Kinetic sculpture is sculpture that moves.

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Craft

answer

William Morris into'd craft and art as 1

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Clay p207

answer

comes from soil with heavily volcanic makeup mixed with water

question

ceramics p207

answer

the art and science of making objects from clay

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ceramist p207

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any person work with clay A ceramist who specializes in making dishes is a potter . - A wide rang of objects , including tableware , dishes , sculpture , bricks, and many kinds of tiles, are made from clay

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3 types of clay p207

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1- Earthenwares :are typically fired to a relatively low temperature ( 800c to 1,100c) and is porous after firing . - may vary color from red to brown to tan. - most common of three types , and great many of the world's pots have been made from it. 2- Stonewares: is heavier , is fired at a higher temperature ( 1,200c to 1,300c ) and is not porous. - usually grayish or brown. - Combining strength with easy workability , stoneware is the preferred medium of most of today's ceramists and potters. 3- Porcelain is the rarest and most expensive of the three types. - Made from deposits of decomposed granite, it becomes white and nonporous after firing at a typically high temperature ( 1,300c to 1,400c ) - translucent and rings when struck , both signs of its unique quality

question

Earthenware

answer

- cheapest, low temps, found around home

question

Stoneware

answer

higher temps, bowls

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Porclein

answer

rare, strongest, most expensive, highest temp

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Kiln p207

answer

- All ceramic work is fired in a kiln -all clays are flexible until baked in a dedicated high-temperature oven the oven -this process known as firing

question

Two kinds of liquids to decorating

answer

Slip and Glaze

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Slip p208

answer

- clay that is thinned to the consistency of cream and used as paint on earthenware or stoneware ceramics - liquid clay, also used for decorating - is a mixture of clay and water about the consistency of cream , sometimes colored with earthen powders . with this simple technique only a limited range of colors is possible , but many ancient cultures made a specialty of this type of pottery decoration .

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Glaze p208

answer

- a silica based paint for clay that fuses with the clay body on firing , can be almost any color , or translucent - is a liquid paint with a silica base , specially formulated for clay. - During firing , the glaze vitrifies ( turn to a glasslike substance ) and fuses with the clay body, creating a nonporous surface. - can be colored or clear, translucent or opaque, glossy or dull , depending on their chemical compassion. - Firing can changes the color og most glaze so radically that the liquid that ceramist applies to the vessel comes out of the kiln an entirely different color. FINAL FIRING ; liquid paint with silica base = glossy

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Glass p 210

answer

- has been used for at least four thousand years as a material for practical containers of all shapes and size. - Stained glass has been favorite in church and cathedrals since the Middle Ages. - Elaborate, blown-glass pieces have made in Venice since the Renaissance. - is a fine medium for decorative inlays in a variety of objects , including jewelry. - is an exotic and enticing art medium. - Chemically , glass is closely related to ceramic glaze. - Hot or molten glass is sensitive , amorphous material that shaped by blowing , casting , or pressing into molds. - may be cut, etched , fused , laminated , layered , leaded , painted , polished , sandblasted , or slumped . sand and fire ; fine medium for decorative inlays and a variety of objects // Chihuly

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Molten glass p211

answer

requires considerable speed and skill in handling

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The glassblower p211

answer

combines the centering skill of a potter, the agility and stamina of an athlete , and the grace of a dancer of bring qualities of breath and movement into crystalline form.

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Metal p211

answer

- primary characteristics include both strength and formability . - most often used for crafts and sculpture can be hammered , cut , drawn out , welded , joined with rivets , or cast . - in muslim 13 and 14 centuries -

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Wood p212

answer

- the living spirit of wood is given a second life in handmade objects . - can be harvested in a sustainable manner or a wasteful one

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Fiber p214

answer

including such processes as weaving , stitching , basketmaking , surface design , wearable art , and papermaking by hand . - use natural and synthetic fibers in both traditional and innovative ways .

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Fiber divide into two general classes p214

answer

1 - work made with a loom 2- work made off-loom or without a loom

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warp fibers p214

answer

- in weaving, the threads that run length-wise in a fabric, crossed at right angles by the weft. - weavers generally begin with long fibers in place which determine the length of the piece they will create.

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weft p220

answer

- in weaving, the horizontal threads interlaced through the warp .

question

often the warp fibers are installed on a loom, a device that holds them in the place and may pull them apart for weaving

answer

they cross the warp fibers at right angles with weft fibers

question

weaves created patterns by changing the numbers and placements of interwoven threads , and they can choose from a variety of looms and techniques . p214

answer

simple hand looms can produce very sophisticated , complex weaves

question

a large tapestry loom , capable of weaving hundreds of colors into intricate forms , may require several days of preparation before work begins

answer

some of the world most spectacular carpets come from islamic persia during the safavid dynasty in 16 century

question

all fiber weaving is based on interlacing of fibers

answer

weavers employed by royal workshops knotted carefully dyed wool over a network of silk warps and weft

question

tapestries p 214

answer

traditional type of weaving in which carefully trimmed and dyed weft threads are pulled through stable warps to create patterns or pictures

question

quilt

answer

making as way of breaking down the barrier between art and craft work , feeling that relegating craft to a lower status demeaned the achievements of women throughout history

question

Peter Voulkos

answer

clay --- bowls

question

Textiles

answer

fibers

question

Mixed media

answer

ex: Nick Cave's Sound Suit

question

3 key issues of architecture p 221

answer

1. function--how used 2. form--how looks 3. structure--how stands up

question

as an art, architecture both creates interior spaces and wrap theme in an expressive shape p221

answer

dolmens have various function they all shear a primitive construction technique and a massive appearance. at least five thousand years, people have built impressive structures, like dolmen that go beyond providing mere shelter Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing building not only for practical purposes but also for symbolic and aesthetic ones.

question

3 essential components of architecture p222

answer

1. supporting skeleton 2. outer skin 3. operating equipment - equipment including : plumbing , electrical wiring , appliances , and systems for cooling , heating , circulating air as needed . - in earlier centuries , structures of wood , earth , brick , or stone had on such equipment , and the skeleton and skin were often one.

question

The evolution of architectural techniques and styles has been determined by the materials available and by the changing needs and values of societies . p222

answer

wood , which is light can be used for roof beams . Stone which is heavy can be used for load - bearing walls but is less effective as a beam . p222

question

since the beginning of history , most structures have been made of wood , stone , earth , or brick. p222

answer

Much of the world's major architecture has been constructed of stone because of its permanence , availability , and beauty

question

masonry p222

answer

building technique in which stones or bricks are laid atop one another in a pattern ...may be with mortar or not (dry)

question

dry masonry p222

answer

-building technique in which stones or bricks are laid atop one another in a pattern. - masonry where no mortar is used

question

dressed stones p222

answer

cut or shaped before use

question

2 dominant structural types before 20th century common used : p223

answer

1. post and beam also called post- and- lintel. 2. arch system (including vault) ------ most of the world architecture including modern steel structures has been built with post-and-beam construction

question

post and beam system p238

answer

Structural system in which uprights or posts support a horizontal beam that spans the space between them

question

Vertical posts or columns support horizontal beam and carry the weight of the entire structure to the ground p223

answer

- The form of post-and-beam buildings is determined by the strength and weaknesses of the materials used p223

question

stone beam lengths

answer

short because stone is brittle

question

colonnade p223

answer

row of columns spanned or connected by beams

question

wood beams longer and posts thinner p223

answer

wood is lighter and more flexible

question

pier

answer

more massive version of a column

question

steel p223

answer

far longer beams because it is stronger

question

arch p223

answer

may be supported by a column or a pier

question

groin vault

answer

intersection of two barrel vaults

question

barrel vault p224

answer

round arch extended in depth

question

Romans

answer

first used the arch extensively above ground....used the arch and arcade to create structures of many types through their vast empire in most of Europe, the NEar East and North AFrica... Pont du Gard, aqueduct near Nimes France still in use today, 2000 years later...used temporary wood supports that were removed when the keystone was put in....borrowed Greek column design and combined with the arch, enabling them to greatly increase the variety and size of their architectural spaces....they also introduced liquid concrete to use in architecture.

question

vault p224

answer

- curving ceiling or roof structure made of bricks or blocks of stone tightly fitted to form a unified shell -------- - have been constructed of materials such as cast reinforced concrete .

question

vault p238

answer

a curving masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the principle of the arch

question

arcade

answer

arches supported by columns

question

keystone p224

answer

last stone set in place at the top of an arch

question

concrete p225

answer

water sand gravel and a binder such as lime or gypsum, introduced by Romans to use in architecture

question

Dome p225

answer

to a hemispherical vault build up from a circular or polygonal base

question

minarets p225

answer

towers

question

penditives p225

answer

curving triangular sections

question

pointed arch p226

answer

allowed building larger aisles and higher ceilings Notre Dame de Chartres - is steeper than a round arch and send its weight more directly downward , but a substantial sideways thrust must still be countered in tall buildings

question

flying buttresses

answer

stone half arches used as supports

question

buttresses p226

answer

elaborate supports at right angles to outer walls

question

Cast iron

answer

iron supports made lighter exterior walls and more flexible interior spaces because walls no longer had to bear structural weight. used initially in factories, bridges, and railway stations

question

trusses p227

answer

triangular framework used to span or to support

question

truss p238

answer

A structural framework of wood or metal based on a triangular system, used to span, reinforce , or support walls, ceiling, piers, or beams

question

balloon frame p227

answer

timber replaced with thin studs held together only with nails.

question

1850 modern materials have revolutionized architecture p227

answer

techniques the same ( post, and beam , arch , vault )have remained the same, but the arrival of cast iron , steel , and reinforced concrete have provided a wealth of new to create and organize spaces p 227 - More recently material such as carbon fiber and cross - laminated timber are shaping the building that we use p227

question

Cast iron p227

answer

greater strength than stone or wood and can span much larger distances. - Iron supports made possible lighter exterior walls and more flexible interior space because walls no longer had bear structural weight

question

crystal palace

answer

burned in 1936, created of iron and glass - first use a scale p227

question

steel and reinforced concrete p227

answer

- breakthrough in construction methods large structures come between 1890 and 1910 with development of high-strength structural steel used by itself and the reinforcing material in reinforced concrete. -

question

Louis Sullivan p228

answer

first great modern architect

question

wainwright building p228

answer

first skyscraper in st. louis made possible by the invention of the levitator and by the development of steel for the skeleton

question

curtain walls p228

answer

a non load bearing wall typical of the international style well-endowed with windows

question

International STyle p228

answer

architectural style that emerged in several European countries between 1910 and 1920 characterized by the use of modern materials ( concrete , glass , steel ) avoided applied decoration, and focus on a building's inner uses .

question

art deco p230

answer

- architects develop a more decorative and exuberant style the 1920 and 1930 - this style used some of the structural tenets of the international style, but retained decoration , often in an abstract style .

question

carbon fiber p232

answer

innovative new material for building

question

metallic flower p232

answer

it is a dramatic limestone and titanium-clad cluster of soaring , nearly dancing volumes that climax in a gigantic , glass-enclosed atrium.

question

Cross-laminated timber ( CLT ) p233

answer

Uses wood in a new way by laminating slabs of wood with their grains at an angle . this makes wood as strong as concrete , but much lighter

question

cantilever p236

answer

- a beam or slab projecting a substantial distance beyond its supporting post or wall - used by Frank lloyd wright --first to use open floor plans, cantilever to unite indoor and outdoor spaces

question

Architecture is a frequently overlook artform p238

answer

because it is generally considered a necessity rather than an expressive statement .

question

deconstructed architecture

answer

buildings that look flexed, twisted, crushed or shattered constructed and not constructed at the same time.

art chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12 – Flashcards

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