Europe 1890-1919 – Flashcards
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Attitude of Europe in 1890
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-Very proud -Ruled Africa -Claimed NA, not Mexico, yes Canada -Considered themselves the center of culture, learning, example, "the paradigm of society"
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Russia in 1890 (compared to Western Europe)
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Medieval
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Japan in 1890
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-Beginning to look a lot like Europe (incorrectly presumed)
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What city was the "center" in 1890?
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Paris
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Past v. History
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-Past=what happened -History=what we say happened
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Prussia's War
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-Short, glorious, cheap, profitable, taught a dangerous lesson -Against Denmark, Austria-Hungary, France -King went along with Bismarck-->turned Prussia into Germany
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Lesson the Prussian War taught
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-"Big power can become biggest power by violence" -"Right is created by might"
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Kaiser
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German for Caesar
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What is Prussia?
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-Not a country but a supreme warlord
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Soviet Union collapsed...what replaced it quickly?
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-perverse capitalism (desires success) and slavemanship to science and technology (due to convenience)
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Conservatism
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-claims to be the oldest -community committed -Edmund Burke=a species is wise -community is dependable; individuals make dumb decisions -there is good in that which lasts; proven worth deserves worthy respect (historically) -views the nation as a person -change should answer true need -can embrace revolution in rare occasion -"when you throw out your past, you violate your future" -doesn't have economic beliefs in reality but America connotes that with it -friendly with Christianity in 19th century
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Liberalism
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-"younger;" might claim ancient roots as well -John Stewart Mill -supposed to be the highest order -libertas=latin=freedom -libertine=someone who takes it too far -"that which makes society a conglomeration of individual freedom will make the country more free" -On Liberty (book) -"do whatever you want without harming others" -not a competition -like Donald Trump not Jack the Ripper -can bring pressure on someone to be appropriate but not by force -Example: someone committing suicide..what to do? personal freedoms....gets dodgy -religion was dodgy because it was about embracing the irrational; did not reject but dodged to coexist -seems to have an answer to everything
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Socialism
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-any will grow towards authoritarianism -power in the hands of many is the solution -agreed that money and power were connected -golden rule: "whoever has the gold rules" -remove the control of the economy from the hands of the individual (Marx: means of production)
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Karl Marx
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-one variety of socialism -led to 75-80 years of Soviet Union (Marxism) -orderly intellectual -wrote in 2 volumes "Das Capital" -answer to everything -wrote in London -believed his views were most modern -appealed to many but not all -tried to fit a template on history and tries to logically give answers
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Communism
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-everything in common to each according to his need -going to revolution until everyone has what they need -"proletariat" and "bourgeoisie"--middle class -capitalism is the first victim -many rise against the few
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Christian Socialist
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-scripture based -non-violence
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Parliamentary Socialist
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-did not believe in revolutions
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Great Powers in 1890
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-most of Europe, not US
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France in 1890
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-freest -republic -president and legislature and a dozen political parties -women couldn't vote
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Britain in 1890
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-constitutional monarchy then and now -most comfortable -the physical representation of freedom -first to let women vote
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US in 1890
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-great economic muscles--most coal in 1890 -kind of revolutionary republic -chose independence but modeled after Britain so not SO revolutionary
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Russia in 1890 (actually)
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the last and greatest autocracy -Czar and Czarina, knew more about palace than world history which was a shame because they had so much power
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Peter the Great
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-put St. Petersburg where it is today --disastrous -1905-almost blew up in a spontaneous ragged riot/rebellion (not a planned revolution) against the authority and then the Duma -one hand is urbanizing but the czars are refusing aka suicidal in every case --biggest country then and now
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Romanticism
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-grabs people by the imagination -everyone is vulnerable to it -sells more than all the books on the New York Best Seller Books
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Literature
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-of great distinction -offers mild experimentation (James Joyce)
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James Joyce
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-young novelist, Irishman, experimentalist
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John Stewart Mill
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...
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Edmund Burke
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...
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Architecture
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-rebellious against discipline/academic and rules of creativity
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Science
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-became enamored -period of the "young Einstein" -got scarier, ruthless, and grittier -took science away from us and built a wall around it -nano-science and MASSIVE science and speedy science -took science to a new mythology (Hollywood's exaggerations) -discovered that people are qualified for different things -Germans created graduate school and PhD (education to fit the growth of intellect and science) --spread into politics, religion, and culture ---agnostic="unknown answer" ---atheist=no religion -Great things fighting over the souls and minds of men
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Church v. Science until 1914
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-did quiet well until 1914 and never recovered after WWI
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Russia: pre-war
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-characterized as the bear-size and fear factors -political status was "backward" because they had no type of constitution until 1905 -reliance on force -intellegensia=educated people with political ideas -poorest led, poorest equipped -1905: Duma created
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Problems in Russia: pre-war
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-distance between wealthy and poor was SO VAST -illiteracy: US & Europe was about 80% -Medical care basically didn't exist -Nouveau Riches--newly wealthy, showy; vulgar --disparity of wealth is not a big deal when you are unaware of it -needed reform but didn't know how; ossified (stagnant)
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Nicholas II
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-very educated in etiquette but very uneducated in politics and reform -honest marriage with beautiful love letters
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Russo-Japan War of 1905
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-Japan: densely populated and filled with industry -Japan ripped them to shreds -Portsmouth, NH was where the treaty was signed
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Pre-War happenings
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-Britain signed a peace treaty with Japan (1902) -France and Russia ally because both suspicious of Germany -Germany has Austria-Hungary and Italy (rivals turned allies because of Germany) -France has Russia and Britain (entente in 1904)(after Ed the 7th went to visit France and took off his hat during anthem) --diplomacy is shown through actions like that -lowly chats about alliance but never promised by Britain in 1907 -Italy gives up the Adriatic to be partnered with two Great Powers -AH joins for protection
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Bismarck
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1871- creates nation state -believed in playing it safe because might need allies later -dismissed in 1890 by William II
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Triple Alliance
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-Germany, AH, Italy -After Bismarck with William II to protect Germany not attack France
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Germany feared...
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-France's revenge of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 that Bismarck tried to continue peaceful dealings
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Dual Alliance
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-France and Russia in response to Triple Alliance
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William II
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-let Bismarck go and made the Triple Alliance as a defensive move -nationalist -German military tradition admirer, opposed to liberal sentiments, impulsive and arrogant -sympathy for working class -ill-suited to run Germany and highlighted divisions and faults -tempted by British challenge -big teeth, big appetite
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nationalism
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-love and devotion to one's country and the your country is superior to everyone else -all AH and Germany became overwhelmed with nationalism -FEELINGS
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Austria Hungary: pre-war
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-mixing pot of religions, races, and languages
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The Test of the Blue Water Defense
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-British navy must be at least bigger than the next 2 power's navies combined --not including the US because it was unthinkable that the US would go to war with Britain
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Germany: pre-war
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-1897--began building a navy "for trade" but actually just to have a fleet -best land army and everyone but the French knew that
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Dreadnought
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-1904 -the first battleship -Her Majesty Ship (HMS) -terrifying; biggest weapon -Britain first and then Germany followed suit and made almost an equal amount
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Captain Dreyfus/Dreyfus Affair
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-Jewish military leader -Middle class lad who wanted to be in the army -an amazing demonstration of the deep divisions of the French -became the scape goat/victim for the split society -tried in military court and plead guilty for things he didn't do -Zola-->journalist-->wrote an article that accused the army, gov't, etc.-->millions got all rilled up -found him guilty again and sent him back -Again brought back; reinstated in the army after they found that someone else had sold secrets
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Threats and Divisions
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-Nations together when all threatened -Nations divided do not work as well or as efficiently -Franco-Prussian war--France lost fast due to divisions -the freer the country, the more division is welcome
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Military in France: pre-war
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-pays a lot of attention to history -monarchists -not in favor of the republic -good with the church
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Imperialism
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-an empire=en area controlled by someone in another place -empire starts simply like Britain they were just connected through the navy or Russia and all of its land -Why they sought empires? --prestige, trade, power, religion (martyrs), civilization, culture and science (ambition and discovery)
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Britain and India: pre-war
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-India was a viceroy and Britain considered herself way more important with her --India was great at commerce, densely populated, geography was convenient between Australia and Britain, and prestige (wealth, talent, power) -If Britain didn't have India, would be like Belgium (?)
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Is there such thing as a "good war?"
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-"when good battles evil"
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Causes of World War I
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1. Imperialism 2. There hadn't been a general war in 3 generations 3. Technology 4. Economic Activity 5. Ambition 6. Nationalism
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How did imperialism effect the war?
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-rivalry for wealth -rivalry for control of lands --Germany has the left overs of Africa ---Bismarck said he didn't want anything to do with empires; Germany was a satisfied power -Lenin-ultimate Marxist--imperialism is the last phase of capitalism --Marxism considered like a religion; infallible -One of the symptoms of corruption -all interested in seas by Greece
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How did no general wars effect the war?
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--last war was against Napoleon and French Revolution (?)
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How did technology effect the war?
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-doesn't have morals and it doesn't care if you use it to cure cancer or make a bomb -made the Dreadnought -produced opportunity books and basically said "do what you want with them" --rivalry in who had the most weapons
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How did economic activity effect the war?
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-Britain had no tariffs -US has always wanted free trade, but it's never had it because of tariffs everywhere else -tariffs raise the cost of living, so people didn't want them but Britain felt behind -created tensions -Myth of Chinese market being a gold mine
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How did ambition effect the war?
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-Italy attacked Abyssinia because of her ambition to have an empire --Belgian Congo-->slave country; unspeakable conditions -Germany=William II after her retired Bismarck -French ambition for revenge on Prussia/Germany -Russia appeared weak because of the Duma --lost the Russo-Japenese War --revolution in 1905 --AH starts to annex places into her empire --Russia DID NOT want to look weak and wanted to prove herself as a great power again
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How did nationalism effect the war?
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-PRIDE (an idea) -motivated Slavs and Germans -nation means people -Russia kept stirring up Slavic nationalism to bring them closer to Russia
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Empires before WWI
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-Britain=mass and vastness -America=not supposed to be but did (odd) --Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines --Interest similar to the European powers, just got in the game late -France=Napoleon (1804) called himself the emperor --grabbed little bits and pieced; centered most of Africa--Algeria (1960s) --still lots of influence there -Italy=wanted to be seen as a big guy --Tripoli=Libya --Tried Ethiopia LoL -Portugal=Angola, Cape Verde Islands, some of South Africa -Spain=Morocco, Canary Islands
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Serbia: pre-war
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-independent Slavic nation -proud of Slavic background -poor -provocateur -Russia poured money and encouragement into Serbia and openly supported Pan-Slavism -Austria HATED this
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The Black Hand
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-Serbian terrorist group of Slavics -real job of "Apis" (bee) was in charge of army operations and "hobby" was terrorist group leader (LoL) --Serbia definitely involved --People kept getting assassinated such as empress of Nicholas II and Nicholas II himself and many small leaders -racialism is the key--"us" and "them"
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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-2 small provinces that belonged to Ottoman/Turkish empire on the Balkan peninsula -AH promised they wouldn't annex them without telling Russia, but they will just govern them...warning to keep the peace --Broke that...no trust then but Russia couldn't do anything but grow bitterness
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Ally system to blame?
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-defensive alliances, but they did ensure that if war broke out it was going to be a world war
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Internal Tensions in the Great Powers: pre-war
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-consideration of Civil War in Britain and AH -Serbia wanted Slavics out of Austria and Russia wanted to be over all Slavs
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Black Hand in 1914
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-recruits students to be assassins -job was to murder the heir of Austria-Hungary called Francis Ferdinand (relatively a reformer) -Gavrilo Princip assassinated Ferdinand and wife, and he died of tuberculosis shortly afterwards
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Alliances build after assassination in 1914
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-AH gets a "blank check" from Germany
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WAR BEGINS
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-AH gives Serbia a long list of demands that Serbia could not agree to -Germany says "if you mobilize, that will be an act of war" to France and Russia --Russia and France mobilize defensively -August 1->WAR BEGINS -people think war will be short and glorious (whatever team they are on) -Germans dreamed of a germanized Europe in the September program -little did they know that the glory would pale in comparison to the cost -Serbia looses its importance for a while
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Schlieffen Plan
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-German plan to conquer from West to East from an officer/general who wanted to defeat all of Europe
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Britain enter the war, why?
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-Germany threatens Belgium's neutrality -found this unjust -begins August 4 because the germans were not out of Belgium by August 3 at midnight -fear of a germanized Europe as well
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Why called "The Great War" then "World War I?"
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-journalists coined each phrase
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Romance
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-the suspense of the irrational
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A war of movement? Why or why not?
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-not a war of movement due to trench warfare on the western front and set a blueprint for the war -studied the Boar War in South Africa when they were on horses and it was constantly moving and that was the wrong war to study -war was completely unexpected -machine guns, mortar, Mill's grenade were all mainly defensive weapons
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Treaty of Versailles
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-Germany had to sign a clause that said "they did it" and when they got home they got assassinated for signing such a thing -Italy (Vittorio Orlando) wanted the Adriatic and coast lines -Britain (David Lloyd George) wanted to return Europe to economic situation before the war -French (Clemenceau, the Tiger) wanted to crush Germany forever -US (Wilson) wanted the 14 points; new world; no more world wars -French demanded that Germnay not be threatening anymore -Buffer (demilitarized zone) between France and Germany on Rhine River -Italy doesn't get all they wanted -Britain didn't receive a restored economy -By 1922, all peacemakers were gone and most things were not enforced
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September Program
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-"when we win the war, Europe will become a German-dominated free trade union" -Africa was going to be turned to Germany-dominated source of raw materials and base labor for the European "machine"
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Courage in WWI
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-very, very important and there was very much of it -the last great war of position
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Battle at Verdun
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-Greatest fortified city of the world at that time -Germans rained shells and shots for 4-5 months -Shot more shots than all European wars together; more than all American deaths in the Civil War -350,000 French lost -330,000 Germans lost -French asked Britain for help at Verdun --Britain adopted conscription and had never had it before but volunteerism had failed because too many people wanted to and they sent them home and dampened the patriotism -army grows rom 100,000 to 1 million during war
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General Haig
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-cavalry general at first -cavalry good for scouting -no other ideas besides frontal attack
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Somme War
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-July 1, 1916 -On first day, Britain lost 60,000 men -ended mid-October -15 weeks of slaughter -mindset=mutual death grip -Britain lost 400,000 men -French lost 200,000 men -Germans lost over 500,000 men
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Winston Churchill
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-identified with attacking on another front -in charge of navy so thought about Turkish front in Constantinople (modern day Istanbul) -planned to reduce Constantinople via their British navy and southern Europe would be "naked to them aka vulnerable -firing at fortified city with ships...not the wisest -believed in the Dardanelles Campaign
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Dardanelles Campaign
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...
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1917...who is ahead?
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-Germans looking stronger than ever -15% of France is occupied and all of Belgium -Allies had another frontal assault and defeated again -April 1917--America the beautiful comes on in -1918--Germans had one last chance
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Peace of Paris
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-All defeated and winning powers were there but the defeated powers were not allowed in the discussion
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US during the war
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-sell anything to anyone -Germany uses submarines and sinks ships -US enters April 1917 -not many troops until the next spring -Germany surrenders the next summer
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End of the War
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-11 o'clock on the 11/11/1918 the last man was shot. A British man. --a cease fire not a peace -5 treaties -5 defeated powers --Austria, Hungary, Germany, Turkey, Bulgaria -16 million dead, dead economy in Europe --Germany 1.8 million --AH 1.2 million -cost in money is hundreds of billions of dollars -no one came out better except the US
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Fourteen Points
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1. open covenant 2. freedom of the seas 3. free trade in the world/Europe 4. reduce armaments 5. recognize the sovereignty of colonial peoples 6. self determination of peoples (ethnicities) #. reinstate Poland --rallying point for liberal minded people
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Woodrow Wilson
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-took only other liberals with him -mainly conservative Senate does not pass the Treaty because of it
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Russia leaves...
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-in 1917 because of Russian Revolution -disintegrated army -forced to sign over somaliland
