question

What are some other words that refer to kings, queens, etc.?

answer

monarchs, monarchy royals, royalty

question

What was the upper level of society known as, the ones who were born into wealth, power, and titles like "Duke", "Duchess", "Earl", etc.?

answer

the nobles, the nobility, the aristocracy

question

In the age when kings and queens became wealthy and all-powerful, that was known as "____________________ monarchy".

answer

absolute

question

In the age of kings and queens, most people believed in (or at least promoted the idea of) the "________________ _______________ of kings".

answer

divine right

question

The writer Thomas _______________ compared human society to a _________________ class, where a strong authority figure is needed to prevent chaos.

answer

Hobbes kindergarden

question

A famous quote about power is that, "Absolute power _________________s absolutely".

answer

corrupts

question

In the age of kings and queens there would usually be several monarchs in a row who all came from the same "royal family" or "_____________________".

answer

dynasty

question

Hapsburgs, Saxons, Normans, Tudors, Stuarts -- these are all examples of royal ________________s.

answer

dynasties or families

question

Why were the noble/royal families of Europe all related to each other after a while? (There are really two reasons.)

answer

(1) Because nobles and royals were only supposed to marry other nobles and royals. (2) Because marriages weren't for love but for making alliances with other families or countries.

question

What was the problem with noble and royal families only marrying amongst themselves for so long?

answer

inbreeding, which led to increased chances of birth defects, mental illness, disease, etc.

question

What two modern European countries did not really exist yet in the period of time we talked about?

answer

Germany and Italy

question

When you look at the map of Europe that we used, what's different about the central part of Europe (where Germany and Italy are now)?

answer

They're broken up into a bunch of smaller (sometimes really tiny) kingdoms.

question

Technically most of the German kingdoms were supposed to be part of the _____________ _______________ Empire, but as the famous saying goes, it was "neither ____________ nor _____________ nor an _______________".

answer

Holy Roman Empire "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire"

question

Can you name any of the "houses" or royal families in English history? (I might ask if you can name at least two or three in the revizzle. Beyond that will be indies.)

answer

Wessex Denmark Normandy Blois Anjou Plantagenet (Lancaster & York) Tudor Stuart Hanover Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Windsor

question

Why is it hard to say for sure who the first king of England or France was?

answer

Because it's hard to say when exactly England or France *became* England or France.

question

Historians disagree about who the first king of England was, but who did we say is often treated as the first?

answer

Alfred the Great

question

What was the name of the first English king from Normandy (which is France) who conquered England in 1066 after winning the Battle of Hastings?

answer

William the Conqueror

question

*Richard I* of England was also known as "Richard the __________ - ____________________ and was gone for a long time, fighting in the ________________________s.

answer

Lion-Hearted Crusades

question

While *Richard I* was gone to the Crusades, his obnoxious brother, ________________, ruled England, inspiring the character Prince ______________ in the legendary tales of ______________ _______________.

answer

John John Robin Hood

question

After Prince John became *King John*, he continued to be so obnoxious that the English nobles finally rebelled and forced him to sign the _____________ _____________.

answer

Magna Carta

question

What did the *Magna Carta* basically say?

answer

that kings can't just do whatever they want, that they have to consider the needs and wishes of the nobility, the Parliament, etc.

question

Because of their Magna Carta, their Parliament, and things like trial by ________________ , the British were proud of what they called their "English ____________________s".

answer

English *liberties*

question

For about 30 years the British Houses of Lancaster and York (which were branches of the House of Plantagenet) fought with each other over who should be king, a conflict known as *The War of the __________________s*.

answer

Roses

question

*The War of the Roses* featured several kings whose stories were later told in plays by ___________ .

answer

Shakespeare

question

*Henry VIII* is famous for taking England out of the ___________________ Church and starting his own "Church of ______________", which these days is known as the Anglican or ________________________ church.

answer

Catholic England Episcopal

question

Besides taking England out of the Catholic Church, *Henry VIII* is known for having ________ wives, mainly because he kept wanting to have *what*?

answer

six a son to inherit his throne

question

Before Elizabeth I, another daughter of Henry VIII was queen for a few of years and tried to force the British back into the _______________ church. She became known as "____________________ ________________."

answer

Catholic Bloody Mary

question

As part of her quest to make England Catholic again, *Bloody ________________* got married to Phillip II, who was the Catholic king of ________________.

answer

Mary Spain

question

*Bloody Mary*'s favorite thing to do to Protestant leaders and their Bibles and other writings was to _____________ them.

answer

burn

question

*Queen Elizabeth I* never got ________________ed and had children because she said that she could never love anyone except *whom*?

answer

- married - her people, the British people

question

Because *Queen Elizabeth I* never got married and had children, she was known as "The ________________ Queen".

answer

Virgin

question

During *Elizabeth I*'s reign, there was a group of British sailors/pirates, such as Sir Francis Drake, who were known as the "____________ _____________s".

answer

sea dogs

question

The British "sea dogs" like Francis Drake especially liked to attack the coastline and ships of *what country*?

answer

Spain

question

Elizabeth I's cousin, ____________, Queen of _____________s, was a Catholic who many Catholics dreamed would replace Elizabeth as queen. So what did Elizabeth finally do to *end* that threat?

answer

- Mary, Queen of Scots - She had her beheaded.

question

*Phillip II* of Spain was already angry about the English "sea ____________s" attacking Spain all the time. When Queen Elizabeth also had the Catholic Mary, Queen of _____________s executed, he got fed up and sent the legendary Spanish ___________________ to conquer England.

answer

dogs Scots Armada

question

What two factors helped to destroy the Spanish Armada?

answer

1) the British fleet - especially their "fire ships" 2) a huge storm

question

The period of *Elizabeth I*'s reign in England is referred to as the "____________________ Age" and included a lot of famous writers, especially ________________.

answer

Elizabethan Shakespeare

question

After Queen Elizabeth died, the new monarch was *______________ I*, but he was also the king of _________________, where he was known as ___________ VI.

answer

James Scotland James

question

After Queen Elizabeth died, the new monarch was the son of _________ , Queen of ___________s, who had been _______________ed by order of Elizabeth.

answer

Mary, Queen of Scots beheaded, or executed

question

*Queen Elizabeth* was the last monarch from the House of _______________, and her successor, * James I*, was the first monarch from the House of ________________.

answer

Tudor Stuart

question

*James I* had not known his mom (Mary, Queen of Scots) very well, and he had reason not to like her because *why*?

answer

Because she was probably responsible for the murder of his father.

question

Unlike his mother (Mary, Queen of Scots), *James I* was not a _________________ but a ________________.

answer

Catholic Protestant

question

*James I* of England gets "credit" for sponsoring the creation of the much-loved King James _________________ , and also for being the king when English people finally started going *where*?

answer

- King James Bible - to America (or "the New World")

question

In *James I*'s time, religion in England was divided between the Catholics, the Church of _______________ , and smaller groups of strict, hardcore Protestants who were known as _________________s.

answer

England Puritans

question

*James I* believed in the _______________ right of kings and because of that, he had a lot of conflicts with ____________________.

answer

divine Parliament

question

After *James I* of England died, his son *_____________ I* became king. Protestants didn't like him because he had married a French princess who was C_____________ and had not sent help to P_____________s who were fighting on the continent in the Thirty Years War.

answer

Charles Catholic Protestants

question

*Charles I* of England believed even more strongly than his father in the _____________ right of _________________s. He hated _________________ and would sometimes go for years without doing *what*?

answer

divine.... kings Parliament without calling them into session

question

Whenever *Charles I* of England did reluctantly call Parliament into session, it was only when he needed _______________. But then he would get angry with them and do *what*?

answer

money He would send them home and then raise the money he needed in some really obnoxious way, like demanding more taxes from the common people.

question

When the behavior of *Charles I* of England finally led to a rebellion and civil war, the army that fought on the king's side was known as "*The C___________________s*" or the "*_________________ists*".

answer

Cavaliers Royalists

question

The army that fought on the Parliament's side in the English civil war was known as "*The R___________________s*" because of what?

answer

The Roundheads because of their bowl-like haircuts

question

Who was the leader of the "Roundhead" army that fought against Charles I in the English civil war?

answer

Oliver Cromwell

question

When the English civil war was finally over, who lost his head (literally)?

answer

King Charles I

question

The leader of the Puritan "Roundhead" army in the English civil war was *Oliver ____________*, who was intensely religious and thought of himself as the "Puritan ________________".

answer

Cromwell Moses

question

After *Charles I* was beheaded at the end of the English civil war, the country had no monarchy for a while. First they had a kinda sorta republic called "*The _____________________*" and then they had a kinda sorta dictatorship called "*The _____________________*, with Oliver Cromwell as the kinda sorta dictator or "____________ ______________."

answer

The Commonwealth The Protectorate Lord Protector

question

Why was the period of *The Protectorate* after the English civil war not exactly a jolly time in Jolly Olde England?

answer

Because it was ruled by very strict Puritan laws and there wasn't much freedom or fun allowed.

question

After Cromwell died, England had what's known as "*The _____________________*", which is when they restored the monarchy by bringing *________________ II* back from France to be king.

answer

The Restoration Charles II

question

After *Charles II* was brought back from France and made king in The Restoration, he was allowed to have a bit of _______________ before settling down to rule England. What did he do?

answer

revenge He put the people who were involved in beheading his father on "trial" and had them killed. He also dug up the corpse of Oliver Cromwell (among others), beheaded it, and had it hung up on London Bridge for all to see.

question

Although *Charles II* of England was pretty vengeful when he was first brought back to "restore" the monarchy, he soon settled down and actually became known as "The ________________ Monarch".

answer

The Merry Monarch

question

When *James II* took over after his brother Charles II died, he made people very nervous because why?

answer

In France he had converted to Catholicism, and had married a Catholic. He was seen as pro-Catholic and pro-France.

question

Besides being distrusted for being Catholic, *James II* also had many battles with the English ___________________.

answer

Parliament

question

English Protestants already disliked and distrusted *King James II*, but the last straw for them was when what happened?

answer

He had a son born who would be the next in line to be king and who, they assumed, would be Catholic like his father.

question

"*The Glorious _____________________*" was when some powerful English Protestants went over to the The _______________________ to ask *William of ________________* and his wife, *Mary*, to invade England and help them get rid of *KIng ______________ II*.

answer

Revolution Netherlands Orange James II

question

*William of Orange* was a royal-ish dude in The _________________s. His wife, *Mary*, was the daughter of *King James II* in England, but unlike her dad she was a P___________________.

answer

The Netherlands Protestant

question

The big winners of "*The Glorious Revolution*" were the English P________________s and the English P__________________. After that, English monarchs were less and less powerful, and they were never again C_________________.

answer

Protestants Parliament Catholic

question

*This English king* won the Seven Years War, lost the American colonies, and occasionally lost his mind.

answer

George III

question

*This English queen* was the second one to have an entire "age" named after her (in the 1800's), and until a few weeks ago she held the record for longest-reigning English monarch.

answer

Queen Victoria

question

*Ferdinand and Isabella* are most famous for helping _____________________ set sail, but they also were the ones who drove the _____________s out of Spain and started the Spanish _____________________.

answer

Columbus Moors Inquisition

question

*This royal couple* sent Columbus to America, sent the Moors back to Africa, and sent thousands of people to be tortured and/or killed in the Inquisition.

answer

Ferdinand and Isabella

question

When he was only a teenager, *Carlos* (or *Charles*) *V* became the ruler of many places. Can you name them?

answer

Spain The Netherlands The Holy Roman Empire (parts of Germany and Italy) parts of North and South America

question

Because he ruled so many places at a time of such change and conflict, *Carlos* (*Charles*) *V* was constantly in conflict with many different groups of people. Can you name them?

answer

the French the Dutch Protestants the German Protestants the Italians the Pope the Ottoman Turks and various people in the "New World"

question

One of *Carlos* (*Charles*) *V*'s worst enemies was a fellow Catholic, *King ____________ ____* of France, who was bitter about Charles getting to be Holy Roman Emperor instead of him.

answer

Francis I

question

When *this guy* became king of Spain and many other places as a teenager, he was ruling one of the largest empires in history. It turned out to be kind of a curse.

answer

Carlos (or Charles) V

question

*This king of Spain* (and of many other places) ended up abdicating (giving up) his throne at the age of 56, spending his last couple of years fishing out of a monastery window, and thinking of himself as a failure.

answer

Carlos (or Charles) V

question

When *Carlos* (*Charles*) *V* gave up his throne(s), he gave the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, but gave everything else to *this guy*, his son.

answer

Felipe (Phillip) II

question

*Felipe* (*Phillip*) *II* of Spain was also briefly the king of England because he was married to *this person* until she up 'n' died on him.

answer

Bloody Mary

question

In order to become friends with the king of France (which his father had never managed to be), *Felipe* (*Phillip*) *II* of Spain married the French king's daughter, only to have what happen?

answer

The French king (Henry II) died after a jousting accident at the wedding.

question

The most famous failure of *Felipe* (*Phillip*) *II* of Spain was the complete destruction of *this huge fleet*, which was sent to do what?

answer

- the Spanish Armada - It was sent to invade England.

question

One of the biggest failures of *Felipe* (*Phillip*) *II* of Spain was the loss of this very wealthy, valuable Protestant country.

answer

The Netherlands

question

*Felipe* (*Phillip*) *II* of Spain was known as "Phillip the __________________" because he was such a careful, cautious, hard-working administrator.

answer

"Phillip the Prudent"

question

*Felipe* (*Phillip*) *II* ruled Spain when it was at the height of its power, a "_______________ Age", during which it was said that "the ____________ never _________ on the Spanish Empire".

answer

"Golden Age" sun.... sets

question

One of the great accomplishments of *Felipe* (*Phillip*) *II* of Spain was his defeat of *whose navy* at the Battle of Lepanto?

answer

the Ottoman Turks' navy

question

What island country in Asia is named after *Phillip II* of Spain?

answer

the Philippines

question

For obvious reasons, *Francis I* of France was known as "Francis of the ___________ __________".

answer

Long Nose

question

*Francis I* is considered the first of the "*_________________ monarchs*" of France.

answer

absolute

question

What fellow Catholic king was the big rival of *Francis I* of France?

answer

Carlos (Charles) V of Spain

question

Because his rival, Charles of Spain, ruled so much of Europe, *Francis I* of France felt like was "encircled" by the _____________ Empire.

answer

Hapsburg

question

What other world ruler did *Francis I* of France become allies with, even though it angered European Christians?

answer

Suleiman the Magnificent, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire

question

*Francis I* of France gets credit for bringing the R__________________ to France, which he partly did by luring *who* to come live there?

answer

Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci

question

It was under *Francis I* that Jacques Cartier and other Frenchmen began doing what?

answer

*exploring* the *New World*

question

In the 1500's, France was torn apart by the "*Wars of _________________*", and we talked about one of them, "*The War of the ___________ ______________s*".

answer

Religion Three Henrys

question

An important person in *The War of the Three Henrys* was *Catherine de _______________*, who was the widow of King Henry II and the mother of the next three kings after him.

answer

Catherine de Medici

question

In the French *War of the Three Henrys*, one important group was the ___________________ League, which hated the Reformation and wanted to crush all the Huguenots.

answer

the Catholic League

question

The most important leader of the *Catholic League* in the French "War of the Three Henrys" was one of the three Henrys - the Duke of _______________.

answer

Guise

question

"*The Huguenots*" was the name used for the French __________________s.

answer

Protestants

question

In *The War of the Three Henrys*, one of the Henrys was a leader of the Huguenots named *Henry of _________________*.

answer

Navarre

question

During *The War of the Three Henrys*, Frances II, Charles IX, and Henry III each held *what powerful position* (though not for long)?

answer

king of France

question

When Catherine de Medici got her son, Charles IX, to make friends with Huguenot leaders like Coligny and Henry of Navarre, it led to civil war. So Catherine changed her mind and started telling Charles *what* about those Huguenot leaders?

answer

that they were evil, couldn't be trusted, had to be stopped, etc.

question

When Catherine de Medici convinced her son, King Charles IX, to turn against the Huguenot leaders, it led to *what famous massacre*?

answer

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

question

At the beginning of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, *what important Huguenot leader* was murdered and thrown out a window by Henry, Duke of Guise?

answer

Coligny (Gaspard de Coligny, that is)

question

Why were so many Huguenots in Paris on the night of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

answer

They had come there for the wedding of Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot leader) to the French princess.

question

When bells began ringing all over Paris on the night of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, *what started happening*?

answer

Catholics started slaughtering Protestants all over the city

question

Henry of Navarre (the Huguenot leader) had just married the French princess when the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre happened. He was then held prisoner in the palace and forced to do *what*?

answer

He was forced to convert to Catholicism.

question

After the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, *who* felt incredibly guilty and angry at his mother and died soon afterwards from a combination of "guilt and tuberculosis"?

answer

the young king, Charles IX

question

After being held prisoner after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and forced to convert to Catholicism, *this guy* escaped to the countryside, went back to being a Protestant, and took charge of the Huguenot army.

answer

Henry of Navarre

question

After Charles IX died, the new king of France was *__________ III*, who was also the third of the "Three Henrys".

answer

Henry III

question

When *Henry III*'s remaining brothers died, the Catholic League got freaked out because the person next in line to be king of France would be *what Huguenot leader*?

answer

Henry of Navarre

question

Because they didn't think he was being tough enough on The Huguenots, the Catholic League and the people of Paris took over the city, forcing *what person* to escape?

answer

the king, Henry III

question

After *King Henry III* was forced to escape Paris during The War of the Three Henrys, he called a big council meeting at his palace in the countryside, invited *Henry, Duke of Guise* (the leader of the Catholic League), and then did *what*?

answer

He had the Duke of Guise murdered.

question

After *Henry III* had *Henry, Duke of Guise* murdered, he raised an army and went to join up with *whom*?

answer

Henry of Navarre and his Huguenot army

question

Before *Henry III* and *Henry of Navarre* could march on Paris with their combined armies, what happened to *Henry III*?

answer

He was stabbed to death by a fanatical monk who snuck into the army camp.

question

After *Henry III* was assassinated, *Henry of Navarre* took his army, fought his way to Paris, and then did *what*?

answer

surrounded Paris and put it under siege

question

What was the result of Henry of Navarre's *siege of Paris*?

answer

40-50,000 people died (most from starvation)

question

When *Henry of Navarre* still couldn't capture Paris after months of siege and starvation, *what did he suddenly decide to do*?

answer

to convert to Catholicism

question

Once *Henry of Navarre* converted to Catholicism, most of the people of Paris and of France accepted him as king, and he became __________________ _____.

answer

Henry IV

question

After Henry of Navarre finally became *King Henry IV* of France, he issued the *Edict of Nantes*, which gave basic rights to *what group of people*?

answer

the Huguenots

question

*Henry IV* was one of the most popular French kings ever and was known as *Le Bon Roi*, which means *what*?

answer

"The Good King"

question

After years of popularity and ruling wisely, how did *Henry IV* of France die?

answer

Like Henry III, he was stabbed to death by a fanatical monk.

question

After *King Henry IV* pf France was assassinated, his nine year-old son took over and became *_________________ XIII* (the 13th).

answer

Louis XIII

question

*What two people* were the "powers behind the throne" when Louis XIII was king of France?

answer

1) his mom, Marie de Medici 2) Cardinal Richelieu

question

When *Louis XIII* took over from Henry IV, France went back to persecuting *what group of people*?

answer

the Huguenots

question

After *Louis XIII* of France died, his son took over, became *Louis XIV* (the 14th), and went on to become the ultimate example of *what*?

answer

of an godlike, absolute monarch

question

*Louis _________* ruled France for 72 years when it was at the height of its power and influence, and he was so powerful and godlike that he was known as *what*?

answer

Louis XIV (the 14th) "the Sun King"

question

What huge palace/city did *Louis XIV* build outside of Paris?

answer

Versailles

question

What was *Louis XIV*'s main reason for building *Versailles*?

answer

so that most of the pesky French nobles would live there and be too busy partying to get in his way

question

The last two French monarchs we talked about were *_________________ XVI* (the 16th) and his queen, *Marie ______________________*, both of whom got their heads chopped off in *what*?

answer

Louis XVI Marie Antoinette the French Revolution

question

Russian rulers after Ivan the Terrible were called *______________s*, but before that they were just "*Grand ______________s*.

answer

czars (or tsars) Grand Princes

question

Who was the first Czar of Russia?

answer

Ivan the Terrible

question

Why was *Ivan the Terrible*'s czardom a big turning point in Russian history?

answer

Because he's the one who made it into an empire with a strong central government.

question

Under *Ivan the Terrible* there was a group called *The Oprichniki* who were basically *what*?

answer

a secret police, or a kind of private army for the czar

question

What's the most famous terrible thing that *Ivan the Terrible* did?

answer

killed his own son

question

When a certain Russian nobleman became a hero for leading an army that kept the Ottoman Turks from invading, *Ivan the Terrible* was so jealous that instead of rewarding the guy he did *what*?

answer

He had him tortured to death and wouldn't allow his name to be mentioned in history books.

question

When St. Basil's cathedral was finished, *Ivan the Terrible* thought it was so beautiful that he (bizarrely) did *what*?

answer

had the architects' eyes gouged out so they could never create anything else to rival St. Basil's

question

*Peter the ________________* was obsessed with making Russia more like *where*?

answer

like Europe

question

What did *Peter the Great* do as a young man to learn more about Europe?

answer

He traveled around Europe in disguise, visiting different countries and cities.

question

When he became czar, what kinds of laws did *Peter the Great* pass in order to make Russians more like Europeans?

answer

laws about what kind of clothes they had to wear and a law requiring Russian men to shave off their beards

question

As part of his effort to make Russia more like Europe, *what city* did Peter the Great build, and *what other city* was it modeled after?

answer

St. Petersburg Paris

question

*Catherine the Great* managed to become the czarina even though she was only a minor princess from _________________ and didn't even speak ___________________.

answer

Germany (or Prussia) Russian

question

The future *Catherine the Great* was sent to Russia to marry ____________________ III, the future czar, but they hated each other and she ended up leading a __________ against him.

answer

Peter III a coup

question

*Catherine the Great* ended up presiding over the "_________________ Age" of the Russian Empire, when it was stronger and more important than ever.

answer

Golden Age

question

Under *Catherine the Great*, Russia had many victories over the neighboring _________________ Empire. It was also during that time that they first colonized __________________.

answer

the Ottoman Empire Alaska

question

*Catherine the Great* was highly intelligent and cultured and was very much into The E__________________ that was going on in Europe, even becoming good friends (via letters) with the French writer, Voltaire.

answer

The Enlightenment

question

*Catherine the Great* started the first institution of "modern education" in Europe that was open to _____________.

answer

women

question

The longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire was *_____________________ the ____________________*.

answer

Suleiman the Magnificent

question

During the reign of *Suleiman the ________________*, the *__________________ Empire* was at its peak of military, economic, and political power.

answer

Magnificent Ottoman

question

During the reign of *Suleiman the Magnificent* the _______________ Empire was in a "_______________ Age" of art, literature, and architecture.

answer

Ottoman Golden Age

question

Along with being the emperor of the Ottoman Empire, *Suleiman the Magnificent* was also known as a "distinguished ____________ and _______________".

answer

poet and goldsmith

question

Under *Suleiman*, the Ottoman Empire expanded across North _________________ and also into Eastern and Central ______________, almost capturing the city of _______________.

answer

Africa Europe Vienna

question

The largest and most powerful of the German kingdoms was *____________________*, and it's most famous and successful ruler was *__________________ the Great*.

answer

Prussia Frederick

question

When Fred the Future-Great was a young man, he was into things like music and philosophy and did not want to end up as the ruler of ______________. So he and his best friend tried to run away. When they were caught, what did Fred's father make him do?

answer

Prussia made him watch his best friend get beheaded

question

*Frederick the Great* of _________________ is best known for his successes in (and his theories about) *what*?

answer

Prussia warfare, the military

question

Besides being a successful military leader, *Fred the Great* of Prussia , like Catherine the Great of Russia, was really into the E______________________, which was going on in Europe at the time, and like Catherine, he was also a friend and admirer of the French writer, V_______________.

answer

Enlightenment Voltaire

question

*Frederick the Great* helped to reform and modernize Prussia. He was nice to i___________________s and to non-n___________________s, but not so much to J__________s and P_____________s.

answer

immigrants and non-nobles Jews and Poles

question

One thing that hurt *Fred the Great*'s reputation was that, 200 hundred years later, he was glorified and held up as a hero by *what group in Germany*?

answer

the Nazis

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