History Honors Chapter 34 – Flashcards

What: A failed British offensive in Ottoman empire, A poorly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during World War I in 1915. English, Canadian Austrailian and New Zealand were all allied forces stationed at Gallipoli opposing the Ottomans. Significance: Canadians, Austrailians NZ suffered terrible casualities. Led to weakening of imperial ties.

What: Tension between Ottoman authorities and non-muslim ethnic group Armenians had been boiling over for hundreds of years. When Turkish nationalism was in play by 1913 even more discrimination towards Armenians arose. During WWI the Ottomans pinned the Armenians as a target because they were an internal problem and 10s of thousands of Armenians were killed as a result. Significance: Attempt at Extermination of an entire people.

What: Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria- Hungary that was intended to keep a status quo in Europe Significance: First significant alliance of European powers was very intimidating, caused response of Triple Entente

What: An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI. Significance: Was a very powerful counter to the triple Alliance, and the countries involved in the triple entente were arguably most powerful forces in Europe.

What: After Japan had seized the shangdong peninsula that was owned by Germany they presented China with the 21 secret demands. The demands included: Seizure of shangdong, industrial monopolies from China, Japan would have joint control of Chinese police, restrictions on the purchase of arms. Sig: Demands reflected Japan's determination to dominate the east and put even more Japanese pressure on China.

What: War Plan designed to avoid problem of two-front war; allows France to take Alsace and Lorraine while troops "brush shoulder" with English channel through Belgium The German design to defeat the French by invading Belgium first in addition take out Russia afterward Signif: Plan looked good on paper but didn't execute well, plan was a problem for those trying to keep the peace; this premade war plan helped to set up WWI because Russia mobilized and Germany stuck to war plan and reacted to this mobilization.

What: Extremely powerful British battleships that allowed Britain to have naval supremacy in Europe. Germans copied Brits and made their own dreadnaughts to keep up. Sig: naval race contributed to tensions between the two nations

What: There was a significant stalemate in WWI in the western and southern fronts. This stalemate reflected technological developments---machine guns, mustard gas (caused slow death damaging skin and eyes), airplanes and tanks, subs Sig: Revolutionized warfare.. made war last longer (stalemates) made opposition rethink military strategy/battlefield tactics

What: what WWI ballooned into---fought by entire societies (many different societies inclu. US jump in) (not just armies) and total victory is the only acceptable outcome. Why Significant: Total War creates military front and home front---now outcome of war was dependent on how each nation mobilized its economy and activated its noncombatant pop. to support the war

What: Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. Sig: This was a major factor that led United States into WWI ----Us couldnt lose territory

What: WWI dragged on for an extremely long time in which it was a stalemate Sig: to give one side an advantage organization of material and human resources became very important

What: Germany's motivation for WWI Why Sig: the german's desire for respect among European countries becomes one of the greatest contributing factors in having WWI, dooms Germany

What/Who: Successor to Otto V. Bismarck, The leader of Germany during WWI who was stubborn and was eager to show the rest of the world how powerful Germany had become. Why Significant: made many ill-fated decisions as leader of Germany, his need show power hurts Germany by end of war (versailles treaty etc)

What: In 1898 England and France almost came to war over Fashoda, located in Sudan. The area was of no economic or political importance. Sig: This incident illustrated the dangers of imperialism, in that European nations were willing to fight over useless territory. REASON FOR WWI

What: Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. Why Sig: Leads Revolution ultimately turns Russia into a communist system. Is reason for the Cold War.

What: treaty that took Russia out of WWI but gave Germans 1/4 of their territory and control of alot of this territory Happened March 3 1918 Sig: This treaty hurt Russia some but it allowed it to step back build its communist system and it stopped the bleeding that they were experiencing in the war.

Trotsky: Lead the Bolsheviks of Russian along side Lenin. He was a spellbinding revolutionary orator and independent racial Marxist, who brilliantly executed the Bolshevik seizure of power by convincing the Petrograd Soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee and make him its leader. His soldiers joined with the Bolsheviks to overtake members of the provisional government and win the vote of the Congress of soviets. He was also leader of the Red Army in the civil war.(908,910): Russian Civil Warconflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army. Sig: End Result First Communist Government

What: German sub sank British passenger liner Lusitania with 128 US citizens on it. Sig: This along with propaganda created Americas hate for Germans. This was a contributing factor in US jumping into WWI.

What: a Russian workers council Sig: workers take over factories in Russian Revolution this is a product of the communism that Lenin brought to Russia

What: The time in which the years of fighting of WWI had officially ended Sig: no more loss of men territory etc.. significant aftermath--treaties etc.. happened after this ending point

What: Led the Turkish nationalist overthrow of the Ottoman sultan in 1922. He then became the president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Sig: modernized Turkey, he separated Islamic laws from the nation's laws. He modeled the new legal system off of European law and also some U.S. law. Women had more right under his rule. They were allowed to vote and hold public office. Finally, Kemal's last reform was government-funded programs to industrialize Turkey and to bring about great economic growth. He died in 1938 known as Ataturk, "father of the Turks."

What: concept heavily promoted by wudrow wilson. the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will and for countries to determine themselves as a nation. (Poland Czechs, Yugoslavia etc..) Sig: One of principle themes of international peace.

1. St. Germaine (Austria) 2. Trianom (Hungary)---Hungary is Born! 3. Sevres (Turkey)--carves up turkey dismantles, Ottoman Empire 4. Versailles (Germany)-- economically, militarilly and politically humiliates Germany, propels them into the leadership of Hitler WWII

what/who: southern slavs, russia, poles, serbs/ Slavic nationalism Sig: Pan-Slavism (southern slav nationalism) brings slavs together.. important for russians who are trying to get Bospurus.

What: Germany's sending of weapons to boers in S. Africa to stop Britain from acquiring this territory Why Sig: tension between Germans and Brits/ more competion between the two (dreadnaughts etc..) led up to WWI

What: Poster that represented women's involvement in WWI women were building weapons, rockets, explosives in factories etc.... had important roles..---> Sig: the fact that women had this involvement exhibited that WWI was total war.

What: The government established by Kerensky in 1917 which replaced Nicholas II when he abdicated. The only mistake of this government was not getting Russia out of the brutal World War I. Sig: This is the first stage of the Russian Revolution and Russias transformation caused by Vladimir Lenin.

Who/What: German Generals who helped top defeat the Russians in the battle if Tannenburg at the beginning of WWI after Russia attacks. Sig: Germany wins one of first battles in WWI. Take many Russians as POW.

What: First Battle-Germans attempt to execute the Schlieffen Plan and within 20 miles of Paris, the british had arrived to defend the French. Both sides dig into the ground. 2nd battle--Germans attacked to break the military stalemate. Last German push in WWI desperate at this point. Launched in March and lasted into July, but an Allied counterattack, supported by the arrival of 140,000 fresh American troops defeated the Germans. Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany.

What: A proposal for an enduring postwar peace for the Central Powers made by US President Wudrow Wilson. Recomendations: --Freedom of navagation of seas -- removal of economic barriers --- equal weight to the interests of controlling the government and the colonial population and a call for general association of nations Sig: After the war, many countries totally ignored 14 points making unfair peace treaties that violated the recomendations

What: First international security organization intended to maintain world peace. Made to make sure peace treaties were fair etc.. Sig: League was ultimately innefective for 2 reasons: had no power to enforce its decisions, relied on collective security as a tool of preservation of global peace--agression to one state was considered agression to every other state.... big powers never joined league.

What: Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770) Arabs and Germans were very upset.

What/Who: Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia etc..two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe. Sig: strained European diplomatic relations and helped shape the tense circumstances that led to the Great War.

What: European who encouraged many Arab princes to revolt against the Ottoman empire Sig: along with British help managed to smash the Ottoman empire once and for all in 1918.

What: highly industrialized area given to Czechoslovakia by Versailles w/ the purpose of weakening germany. 80-90% german, though. Hitler initiated the munich conference with mussolini's help because he was afraid that his men wouldn't be able to invade Czechoslovakia. Germans invaded area and took away tons of pieces of Czechoslovakia in the name of self determination. Thought of Czechs as lesser.

Term of the Treaty of Versailles. The German port of Danzig was put under control of the League of Nations with a corridor of land leading through Germany to Poland so that Poland could have access to the port. SigL Didn't follow self determination--this created tension.

The sick man of Europe was a term given to the Ottoman Empire during the mid 1800s. The Ottoman empire was still a "power of Europe" but was very weak and diminishing fast. Important because it was like a sick man compared to other major powers. WWI showed this after they lost badly, ending their alliance with Germany and being split up into other countries.

The Black Hand was and is a conspiracy theory that Austrian officials set up the death of their Arch Duke, Franz Ferdinand. Ferdinand was shot on vacation to neighboring Serbia when an assassin jumped in front of the royal carrige and shot Ferdinand in the neck. Supposedly the assassin group warned the Austrians that if Ferdinand came down, they would kill him, but the Austrians sent him anyway. This event was important because it was the short-term trigger of WWI. Because of the Triple Alliance and Entente, all nations were forced into the war.

Ferdinand was the Arch Duke of Austria from 1863 to 1914. Not a very good ruler, Ferdinand was best know for his assassination in Serbia also known as the Black Hand. This event started WWI and prompted countries to get involved....