HISTORY FINAL!!! Chapter 25 – Flashcards
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European Foreign Policy
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1871-1914
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European Foreign Policy: The Big Five-
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Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
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European Foreign Policy: Power: Expansionism ->
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difficult relations.
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European Foreign Policy: Diplomacy...
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[Germany: Otto Von Bismarck]: Continental peace and local conflicts (1871-1890).
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European Foreign Policy: DIVISION (military alliances):
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Continental War (1890-1914)
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European Foreign Policy: DIVISION: The Three Emperor's League...
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-1873 -Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia
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European Foreign Policy: DIVISION: The Three Emperor's League: ORIGIN-
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-Germany>Isolate France -Austria-Hungary and Russian Empire > Peace Abroad
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European Foreign Policy: DIVISION: The Three Emperor's League: CONTENTS-
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-Consultations over mutual interests and neutrality.
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts:
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-The Balkans
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: The Ottoman Empire...
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[16th Century] final decline. -Nationalism -Old and Useless political system.
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SULTAN=
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the head of Ottoman Empire.
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: The Big Five and the Ottoman Empire: Helping the Empire...
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-Great Britain, France, and the German Empire -To prevent that one of them would benefit form its collapse.
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: The Big Five and the Ottoman Empire: Austria-Hungary=
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too weak (peace)
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: The Big Five and the Ottoman Empire: Russia:
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Expansionism: pan-slavism and the Balkans. >>Russia would support Slavic nationalism and hoped to be supported by them.
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: Wars in the Balkans (years)
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1874-1878.
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: Wars in the Balkans (1874)
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Serbian revolt in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: Wars in the Balkans (1876)
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Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
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European Foreign Policy: Local Conflicts: Wars in the Balkans (1877)
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Russo-Turkish War.
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European Foreign Policy: The Congress of Berlin (year)
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1878
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European Foreign Policy: The Congress of Berlin: German Initiative->
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Consolidate peace in the Balkans: restore good relations between Russia and Austria Hungary.
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European Foreign Policy: The Congress of Berlin: Since 1877...
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Russian Expansionism (the Balkans and the Black Sea): Russo-Turkish War. -Unacceptable for Austria-Hungary and Great Britain. -War seemed a real possibility
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European Foreign Policy: The Congress of Berlin: In February 1878...
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Great Britain sent warships to the Dardanelles.
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****European Foreign Policy: The Congress of Berlin: Good Relations between...****
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****Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the German Empire: Great Britain or France, even together, would not attack Germany.****
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European Foreign Policy: The Congress of Berlin: Main agreements:
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Territorial reorganization of the Balkans (peace/political stability).
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European Foreign Policy: The Congress of Berlin: Main agreements: Full Independence...
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-Bulgaria (Principality) -Serbia (Principality) -Romania (Principality) -Montenegro (Principality) -Bosnia-Herzegovina occupied by Austria- Hungary.
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FACTORS of European imperialism (years also)
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-1870-1914 -factors that fostered imperialism/colonialism since 1870.
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European Imperialism: Technological Development: Steam-powered vessels
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-Exploration and migration possible.
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European Imperialism: Technological Development: The New Canals:
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Shortening distances.
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European Imperialism: Technological Development: The New Canals: The Suez Canal...
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(1869) It joined the Mediterranean and the Red Seas (a hundred-miles-long)
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European Imperialism: Technological Development: The New Canals: The Suez canal was built...
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by the French, Great Britain bought a controlling interest in 1875.
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European Imperialism: Technological Development: The New Canals: The Panama Canal...
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(1914) 51 miles long connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
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European Imperialism: Technological Development: New Weapons...
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New types of firearms: accurate aim and rapid fire.
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European Imperialism: Technological Development: Telegraph...
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By the late 19th Century, a vast telegraph network connected Europe to every are of the world.
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European Imperialism: Medical Advances:
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Europeans could penetrate disease-ridden swamps and jungles.
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Causes of New Imperialism ( expansionism): Economic Reasons: The search for investment opportunities:
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-The pursuit of individual and national fortunes.
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Causes of New Imperialism ( expansionism): Economic Reasons: Acquisition of raw materials:
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Natural Resources and products not found in western countries (rubber,oil, and tin...)
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Causes of New Imperialism (expansionism): Economic Reasons: Instead of buying rubber,oil, and tin->
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Direct control of the areas where they were found.
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Causes of New Imperialism (expansionism): Geopolitics: Strategic Value: Proximity to...
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-acquired colonies or to territory targeted to take over (Protect investments) -Proximity to Sea routes (Egypt and the Suez Canal (Great Britain).
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Causes of New Imperialism (expansionism): Geopolitics: Strategic Value: Fueling basis...
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for the new steamers. - Some Islands in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
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Causes of New Imperialism (expansionism): Nationalism:
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"Evidence" of the strength of a nation. -Prestige abroad + national pride at home (some times necessary to reinforce political stability)
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Imperialism in Africa before 1870: Goals:
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-Economic benefits and raw materials -Geopolitical strategy -Prestige
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Imperialism in Africa before 1870: Strategy:
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-Military takeover and direct rule by European officials.
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Imperialism in Africa before 1870: Strategy: African States:
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Their Government institutions too small and ineffectual or non-existant.
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Imperialism in Africa: The Berlin Conference (1884): "Rules"...
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for all other colonial acquisitions (international recognition)
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Imperialism in Africa: The Berlin Conference (1884): "Effective Occupation"...
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would be required (to plant a flag was not enough).
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European Imperialism in Africa before 1870:
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>England: South Africa >Portugal: Angola and Mozambique >France: Algeria >Spain: Rio de Oro
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: France-> By 1900,
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French West Africa and Tunisia, and the territory north of the Congo River.
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: France-> In 1912,
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Protectorate over much of Morocco. **Remember at least Centuries or before WWI.
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: France-> Protectorate vs colony-
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Egypt and Morocco could keep their governments, even though controlled by British government (puppet government= protectorate)
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: France-> Protectorate vs colony- Why accept that?
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Found situation positive- could maintain power and at the same time protected by European power
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: Great Britain-> In 1882,
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Protectorate over Egypt.
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: Great Britain-> By 1900,
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SUDAN.
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: Italy-> By 1900,
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Libya.
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: Belgium-> By 1900,
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Congo. (small friendly country established by the most repressive counrty)
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European Imperialism in Africa After 1870: Germany-> By 1900,
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-South-West Africa, the Cameroons, Togoland, and Tanganyika. -In 1914 (contentental Africa) only Liberia and Ethipopia remained independent
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European Imperialism in Asia before 1870: The Netherlands:
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East Indies.
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European Imperialism in Asia before 1870: Spain:
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The Phillipines.
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European Imperialism in Asia before 1870: France and Portugal:
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Trading posts on the Indian Coast.
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European Imperialism in Asia before 1870: Great Britain:
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Parts of India (East India Company)
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European Imperialism in Asia before 1870: The Russian Empire:
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Siberia and Alaska.
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European Imperialism in Asia: (Years)
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1870-1910.
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****European Imperialism in Asia: The Netherlands...
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****East Indies
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****European Imperialism in Asia: Russia
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****-Trans-Caspian and Turkestan. ****-Manchuria
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****(Crucial) European Imperialism in Asia: France...
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****(Crucial) Union of French Indochina: Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos
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****(Crucial) European Imperialism in Asia: Great Britain:
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****(Crucial) -India -Burma and the Malay States -Pakistan (Kashmir and Baluchistan)
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Responses to Colonialism: Resistance:
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The Old political and social elite. -Devastating defeats (weapons)
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Responses to Colonialism: The Colonial Order: "The adjustment"
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-Division --Maintaining their old traditions. --Adopting Western ways (Ultimate goal: Independence)
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Responses to Colonialism: Rebellion: A new (generation) class of leaders...
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-Natives educated in Western institutions. -Liberalism and Democracy -Against colonialism: it inequalities, racism, and lack of democracy. -Political Organization. --->Ultimate goal: Independence
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Responses to Colonialism: Interdependent...
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World economy with Europe at its center.
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Responses to Colonialism: Colonial markets:
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Shaped and controlled to meet the European demand.
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Responses to Colonialism: Racism:
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European superiority.
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Responses to Colonialism: Racism: Racial Hierarchy->
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If westerners were culturally superior they must be racially superior too.
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Responses to Colonialism: Racism: Racial Hierarchy-> Evidence:
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ability to kill and conquer as well as to cure.
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Responses to Colonialism: Women's role: Crucial...
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Essential to maintain European superiority (imperialism).
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Responses to Colonialism: Women's role: Crucial: Their role as....
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Mothers and educators of their children.
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Responses to Colonialism: Women's role: Crucial: healthy and well prepared young men:
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Crucial to defend European values.
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Responses to Colonialism: Negative ecological impact:
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-Western men and women carried diseases to natives. -New plants and animals affected the natural environment. -Traditional village destroyed and in many cases disappeared.
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The Beginning of WWI: Summer 1914: The heir...
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The heir of the Austrian Empire, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, assassination Sarajevo. (28 june 1914)
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The Beginning of WWI: Summer 1914: Gavrilo Princip...
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a Bosnian Serb (young Bosnian Society)
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): July 23,
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Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. -Austria ( Supported by Germany) --(Stop) Serbia: Create a large Slavic state in the Balkans (supported by Russia)
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): July 29,
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Austria declared war on Serbia.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): July 30,
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Russia ordered mobilization of its army.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): July 31,
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Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia to stop mobilization.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): August 1,
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Germany declared war on Russia.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): August 2,
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Germany occupied Luxemburg.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): August 2,
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Germany sent an ultimatum to Belgium: -free passage from German troops in their way to France.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): August 3,
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Germany declared war on France.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): August 4,
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Germany invaded Belgium.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): August 4,
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Great Britain declared war on Germany. -Honor its treaty obligations. -Prevent a probable invasion.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): The Ottoman Empire...
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Joined Germany and Austria-Hungary (October 1914): Territories in the Balkans.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): 23 May 1915,
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Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary. --Despite its alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary (Triple Alliance)
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): The Allies...
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Promised to give her complete control of the Adriatic Sea: -Sea Tyrol -Southern part of Dalmatia (Dalmatian Islands)
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): October 15,
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Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria-Hungary. -Serbian Territory
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): 27 August 1916,
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Romania declared war on central powers: (on the Allies side).
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): 6 April 1917,
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The United States declared war on Germany.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): 13 April 1917,
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Greece declared war on central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): Remaining Neutral Countries...
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Switzerland, Spain, The Netherlands, Denmark, Luxemburg, Albania, and all Scandinavian countries remained neutral.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): Armistice...
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November 11, 1918- End of War!!! Called the European Civil Wars.
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July Crisis and declarations of War (1914-1917): Total Casualties=
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37,508,686 people; 8.5 million killed.
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Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: Territorial reorganization:
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Central and Eastern Europe.
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: European Empires (continent):
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***CRUCIAL: >The Austro-Hungarian Empire disappeared >Germany and Russia lost their territories in central and eastern Europe >The Ottoman Empire collapsed
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: New Nation-States (Continental Europe):
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***CRUCIAL: >Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary.
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: New Nation-States (Continental Europe): Yugoslavia->
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****CRUCIAL: Serbia, Montenegro, Crotia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: Problems: Minorities (Future Conflicts):
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***CRUCIAL: >Germans in Poland. >Hungarians, Poles, and Germans in Czechoslovakia. >Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Albanians in Yugoslavia.
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: Problems: Minorities (Future Conflicts): Serbs controlled...
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****CRUCIAL: Yugoslavia from beginning 1919.
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: Problems: Minorities (Future Conflicts): Reorganization...
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****CRUCIAL: of the Middle East. ->"Violation of Promises" made to the Arabs during the war. THEY NEVER FORGOT!!!
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: Problems: Minorities (Future Conflicts): France...
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***CRUCIAL: Took control of Lebanon and Syria.
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***CRUCIAL: Territorial consequences of WWI in Central Europe and the Middle East: Problems: Minorities (Future Conflicts):Britain...
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****CRUCIAL: received Iraq and Palestine.
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Russia in 1910: Agrarian Economy:
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-Very low technological level. -Russia began its industrialization at the end of the 19th century.
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Russia in 1910: Unbalanced Society:
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-Nobility: monopolizing political and economic power. -Small middle class interested in modernizing Russia. -Lower class excluded (poor)
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Russia in 1910: A "Constitutional" Monarchy:
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-The tsar with almost absolute power. -Supported by the aristocracy. -Middle and lower classes excluded. -Inefficient administration. -Nationalism
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (origin):
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-Nationalism: Pan-Slavism -Internal dissent. -Militarism: alliances with France and Great Britain.
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (a failure): Russia...
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Was unprepared technologically and economically for WWI. -Unable to produce what they army needed. -Russian means of transportation: too old.
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (a failure): Lack of Leadership:
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-Few good military leaders -Nicholas II
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (a failure): Lack of Leadership: Nicholas II:
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-Leading troops (no military education) -He did not coordinate war efforts at home.
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (Consequences): Russian armies...
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Suffered huge losses in the front.
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (Consequences): At home,
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Shortage of food and other basic goods.
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (Consequences): Instead of unity, growing opposition: The tsar...
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Lost the support of the upper class.
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The Collapse of the Monarchy: Russian intervention in WWI (Consequences): Instead of unity, growing opposition: Middle and lower classes...
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Increased their opposition to the regime (strikes).
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The Provisional Government: 15 March 1917,
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-The tsar abdicated, Russia became a republic. -Two centers of authority (origin of political instability)
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The Provisional Government: The Duma...
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(National Assembly) appointed a provisional government.
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The Provisional Government: Progressive liberals...
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Middle Class and liberal aristocratic minority.
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The Provisional Government: Liberal agenda:
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Freedom of speech, religion, and assembly and other civil liberties.
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The Provisional Government: A Constitution...
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(Written by a constitutional convention before the end of 1917).
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The Provisional Government: Redistribution...
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Of royal and monastic lands. (Already taken by peasants)
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****IMPORTANT: The Provisional Government: The Soviet of Petrograd: Soviets: Committees/Councils...
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****IMPORTANT: Committees/Councils elected by workers and soldiers (supported by radical lawyers, journalists, and intellectuals) -Defend workers' rights. -Created at the beginning of the 20th century.
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****IMPORTANT:The Provisional Government: The Soviet of Petrograd: The most important:
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****IMPORTANT: The Soviet of Petrograd.
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****IMPORTANT: The Provisional Government: The Soviet of Petrograd: St. Petersburg...
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****IMPORTANT: Became Petrograd in 1914. -Assembly coordinating the efforts of all the Soviets.
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The Provisional Government: The Duma provisional government: losing credibility:
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-Related to the old regime. -Social unrest (peasants begin to seize lands) -Food Shortages -Inflation (Situation really,really bad)
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The Provisional Government: The Duma provisional government: losing credibility:
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-Related to the old regime -Social unrest (peasants begin to seize lands) -food shortages -Inflation (Situation really, really bad)
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****CRUCIAL: The Provisional Government: The Duma provisional government: losing credibility: Keep fighting WWI because...
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****CRUCIAL: Many Russians wanted Russia to stop fighting WWI, because it was causing inflation and food shortages.
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****CRUCIAL: The Provisional Government: The Duma provisional government: losing credibility: Keep fighting WWI because they wanted to...
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****Crucial: Preserve Russia's honor and preserve Russian territorial integrity.
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****CRUCIAL: The Provisional Government: The Duma provisional government: losing credibility: Keep fighting WWI because they did not want to...
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****CRUCIAL: Lose the support of the European allies.
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The Provisional Government: Consequences:
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Losing the support of lower classes.
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The Provisional Government: Consequences: Losing support of lower classes: Their Alternative:
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Communist Revolutionaries (Bolsheviks)
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The Provisional Government: Consequences: Russian Provisional Government...
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Only lasted weeks.
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The Bolsheviks (years):
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1903-1917.
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The Bolsheviks were a...
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Socialist Democratic Party (Marxist) created in 1893.
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The Bolsheviks had a...
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Division in the Party since 1903: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (factions).
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The Bolsheviks: By 1912,
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The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks became two parties.
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The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks: Differences: Bolsheviks:
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(Marxist): Violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system.
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The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks: Differences: Mensheviks:
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A parliamentary democracy necessary before the socialist revolution.
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The Bolsheviks: Leader-
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Vladimir Lenin. Was a dictator.
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The Bolsheviks: Lenin's Proposals (September 1917)...
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-Stop the War -Redistribution of all land to the peasants. -Factories and industries from capitalists to committees of workers. -Power to the Soviets (committees or councils elected by workers)
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The Bolsheviks: October 1917,
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Elections (Soviets). -Bolsheviks controlled the most important Soviets (radicalization)
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The Bolsheviks: October 1917, the Bolsheviks,
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Led by Vladimir Lenin, took power. -The provisional government could not resist. -Lenin's Council of People's Commissars.
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****CRUCIAL: Lenin: First Initiatives: January 1918:
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****CRUCIAL: Constituent Assembly dismissed. Wanted to reinforce his own power.
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Lenin: First Initiatives: Peace: March 1918,
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
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Lenin: First Initiatives: Peace: Countries...
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Finland, the Baltic Lands, Poland, Belorussia, Ukraine, and by another treaty Bessarabia to Germany. -Over 60 million people -Half of Russia's industrial sector.
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Lenin: First Initiatives: Peace: Nullified...
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In November with Germany's defeat in WWI.
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Lenin: First Initiatives: Agrarian reform:
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-Nationalism and redistribution. -Had Peasants support.
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Lenin: First Initiatives: Factories...
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to committees of workers. -Factory workers support.
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****CRUCIAL: Lenin: First Initiatives: Program for Women's rights and social welfare reforms:
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****CRUCIAL: Marriage a civil act, divorce and abortion legalized, equality of men and women. -> Women Support.
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The Civil War (1918-1920):
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->Opposition to the Communist Revolution (the "whites") --Monarchists --Aristocracy
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The Civil War (1918-1920): Middle class...
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lost everything, all power, money, etc.
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The Civil War (1918-1920): Who wanted a democracy?
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-The Orthodox Church -Anti-Leninist Socialist -International Coalition (Great Britain, France, United States, Japan...)
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The Civil War (1918-1920): Who won the war?
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-The Bolshevik government won the war. --The Red Army --"War Communism" --"Revolutionary terror" --Division among the "Whites" (Didn't do anything properly or bad) --Foreign interventionism and nationalism.
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****CRUCIAL: Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: After WWI, the four great empires->
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****CRUCIAL: (Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany)-> 9 new countries.
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****CRUCIAL: Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: After WWI, the new countries:
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****CRUCIAL: -Finland (Independence from Russia) -Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (Russia) -Poland (Russia, Austria, Germany) -Czechoslovakia (Austria)
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****CRUCIAL: Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: After WWI, the new countries: Austria and Hungary...
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****CRUCIAL: Formed two independent smaller states.
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****CRUCIAL: Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: After WWI, the new countries: Yugoslavia:
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****CRUCIAL: Crotia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegonia.
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Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: Goal:
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Consolidation of Peace in Europe. -Great Britain, France, and the United States. -FAILURE
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Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: Main Problems: Political Instability:
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The rights of the ethnic minorities ignored (political, religious, linguistic...)
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Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: Main Problems: Economic Problems:
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-New States: new barriers that limited economic activities. -Western Europe countries closed their markets.
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Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: Main Problems: Consequences:
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Unemployment and over population (Social Unrest)
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Central and Eastern Europe after WWI: Main Problems: Territorial disputes (tension):
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-The Soviet Union: Romania, Finland, and the Baltic States. -Hungary: Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia.
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France 1920-1940: France in Europe: Germany: France-
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Smaller population, lower industrial production, and devastation (WWI).
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France 1920-1940: France in Europe: Germany: Defense:
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-The best-equipped army in the world. -The Rhineland demilitarized and occupied (Versailles Treaty) -Treaties with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia. -Improve relations with Great Britain and the United States.
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France 1920-1940: France and Great Depression: By the middle of the 1930s...
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A leftist government took power.
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France 1920-1940: France and Great Depression: Leftist government took power: Reforms (Interventionism):
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-Wage increases -Paid vacation -Collective bargaining -40 hours working week.
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France 1920-1940: France and Great Depression: Leftist government took power: Consequences:
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UNSUCCESSFUL -Productivity dropped -Outflow of Investment Capital ->Working Class: from socialism to communism.
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France 1920-1940: France and Great Depression: By the end of the 1930s...
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Liberals began to rule: -Liberalization (no intervention) of the economy and recovery.
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The Great Depression in Great Britain: Symptoms:
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Unemployment, government deficit, financial crisis (banks).
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The Great Depression in Great Britain: Recovery:
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-The National Government (1931-1955) --Coalition of 3 parties (liberal, Conservative, and Labour)
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The Great Depression in Great Britain: Recovery-Main Initiatives:
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-The Pound devalued -Tariffs reestablished (Protectionism)
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The Great Depression in Great Britain: Recovery-Results:
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-Economic recovery (British initiatives + gradual improvement in the business cycle, world economy).
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The British Union of Fascists (BUF): Founded...
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by Sir Oswald Mosley in 1932.
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The British Union of Fascists (BUF): Similar...
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to other European fascist (Nazi) parties. -It rejected liberalism and communism. -It included squads and bodyguards. --Attack political opponents and Jews.
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The British Union of Fascists (BUF): At its peak...
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the group claimed a membership of 20,000.
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Great Britain 1920-1940: The British Union of Fascists (BUF): In 1936,
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The Party was outlawed.
