Chapter 24 and 25 Vocabulary & Guided Questions – Flashcards
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Second Industrial Revolution
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Steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum revolutionized the world. Steel began to replace iron in railways, ships, and weapons. Electricity was converted into heat, light, and motion via hydroelectricity and stream generated power. The telephone as well as radio waves were invented for communication. Electricity enhanced the factory work with conveyor belts, machinery, and electric lights. There were the combustion engine as well as the automobile and airplane for travel.
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Assembly Line
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New manufacturing method pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913. The assembly line allowed a much more efficient mass production of goods.
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Mass Productions
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"The production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. "
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Consumer Goods
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"consumer goods are the end result of production and manufacturing and are what a consumer will see on the store shelf. Clothing, food, automobiles and jewelry are all examples of consumer goods. Basic materials such as copper are not considered consumer goods because they must be transformed into usable products." "Consumer Goods Definition | Investopedia." Investopedia. N.p., 31 Jan. 2010. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.
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Communist Manifesto
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"It was written by two Germans, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were appalled at the horrible conditions in the industrial factories. They blamed the system of industrial capitalism for these conditions." Ideas of social division are discussed in this writing.
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Proletariat
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Working class, seen in Marx' eyes as those oppressed by the bourgeoisie (middle class)
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German Social Democratic Party
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"advocated revolution while organizing itself into a mass political party that competed in elections for the German parliament. When in parliament, SPD delegates worked to pass laws that would improve conditions for the working class. In spite of government efforts to destroy it, in 1912 the SPD became the largest single party in Germany."
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Second International
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An association of national socialist groups that would fight against capitalism, " An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market" worldwide. "Definition of Capitalism." Definition of Capitalism. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.
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Trade/Labor Union
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To improve their conditions, workers organized in a union. The right to strike was an important part of the trade union movement. In a strike, a union calls on its members to stop work in order to pressure employers to meet their demands for higher wages or improved factory safety. At first, laws were passed that made strikes illegal under any circumstances. In Great Britain, unions won the right to strike in the 1870s. By 1914, there were almost 4 million workers in British trade unions. In the rest of Europe, trade unions had varying degrees of success in helping workers achieve a better life.
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The Elite
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his group made up only 5 percent of the population but controlled from 30 to 40 percent of the wealth. During the 1800s, the most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants—the wealthy upper-middle class—had joined with the landed aristocracy—the upper class—to form this new elite. Whether aristocratic or upper-middle class in background, members of the elite became leaders in the government and military. 24.2 "The New Elite"
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White-collar Workers
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This group included traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department store salespeople, and secretaries. Although not highly paid, these white-collar workers were often committed to middle-class ideals. 24.2 "The Diverse Middle Class" White collar workers found themselves in between the lower middle class and the lower class.
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Lower Classes
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This group made up 80 percent of the European population. These classes included landholding peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers.They are also referred to as the working class.
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Feminism
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The movement for womens' rights
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Women's Social and Political Union
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founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters, used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to its demands. Its members pelted government officials with eggs, chained themselves to lampposts, and smashed department store windows. British police answered with arrests and brutal treatment of leading activists. Before 1914, women had the right to vote in only a few nations, such as Norway and Finland, along with some American states. It took the upheaval of World War I to make governments give in on this basic issue. 24.2 "Womens' Rights"
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ministerial responsibility
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The prime minister was responsible to the popularly elected legislative body, not to a king or president
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parliamentary system
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the party with the greatest representation in parliament forms the government, the leader of which is the prime minister.
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kaiser
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The German emperor, the emperor of Austria, or the head of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Triple Alliance
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United the powers of Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy in a defensive alliance against France. At the same time, Bismarck maintained a separate treaty with Russia.
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Triple Entente
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An alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia who stood opposed to the Triple Alliance. Europe was now dangerously divided into two opposing camps unwilling to compromise.
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modernism
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Many writers and artists rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance. The changes they produced have since been called modernism.
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Impressionism
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Impressionism was a movement that began in France in the 1870s, when a group of artists rejected indoor studios and went to the countryside to paint nature directly. One important impressionist was Claude Monet (moh • NAY), who painted pictures that captured the interplay of light, water, and sky .
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Vincent van Gogh
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For Vincent van Gogh, art was a spiritual experience. He was especially interested in color and believed that it could act as its own form of language. Van Gogh maintained that artists should paint what they feel.
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George Eastman
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Created the Kodak camera in 1888
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Pablo Picasso
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Picasso created a new artistic style—cubism. Cubism used geometric designs to re-create reality in the viewer's mind.
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Abstract
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Abstract painting emerged around 1910. Wassily Kandinsky, a Russian, was one of the first to use an abstract style. Kandinsky sought to avoid visual reality altogether. He believed that art should speak directly to the soul. To do so, it must use only line and color.
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Functionalism
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Functionalism was the idea that buildings, like the products of machines, should be functional, or useful. All unnecessary ornamentation should be stripped away. Architects, led by Louis H. Sullivan, used reinforced concrete, steel frames, and electric elevators to build skyscrapers virtually free of ornamentation.
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Marie Curie
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Discovered that an element called radium gave off energy, or radiation, that apparently came from within the atom itself. Atoms were not just material bodies but small, active worlds.
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Psychoanalysis
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A method by which by which a therapist could probe deeply into the patient's memory created by Sigmund Freud. In this way, they could retrace the repressed thoughts all the way back to their childhood origins. If the patient's conscious mind could be made aware of the unconscious and its repressed contents, the patient could be healed.
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Social Darwinism
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theory used by Western nations in the late nineteenth century to justify their dominance; it was based on Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, "the survival of the fittest," and applied to modern human activities Social Darwinism was the radical belief that Darwin's theory of natural selection could be applied to modern human societies. A British philosopher, Herbert Spencer, argued that social progress came from "the survival of the fittest"—that is, the strong advanced while the weak declined. This kind of thinking allowed some people to reject the idea that they should take care of the less fortunate.
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What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe?
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The Second Industrial Revolution took place because of an abundance in natural resources, labor, a strong government, railroads, and new sources of power. Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution include new inventions such as the assembly line which sped up mass production, improved transportation, and socialist parties to deal with treatment of the newly hired workers.
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How was socialism a response to industrialization?
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Socialism took place in order to stand for the rights of the workers and to create unions in order to make sure their needs are met. This was a response to the harsh schedules and treatment of workers as a result of industrialization.
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Why did European cities grow so quickly in the nineteenth century?
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Public sanitation was drastically improved after the Industrial Revolution, greatly increasing the public health conditions. With sewage and other means of keeping the water clean being promoted, the population could increase and more cities would be built.
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How did class divisions in Europe change during the nineteenth century?
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1. The original upper class had become the upper class as well as the upper-middle class. 2. White-collar workers were produced between lower class and lower middle class 3. Lower class/urban workers began to live more comfortably with reforms.
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How did the Second Industrial Revolution influence women's roles in society?
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The Second Industrial Revolution opened up new job positions for women. Both industrial plants and retail shops hired women as clerks, typists, secretaries, and salesclerks. Women took jobs in education, health, and social services. Middle-class women held these jobs, but they were mainly filled by the working class. Eventually, women were given the right to vote.
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How did society change as a result of urbanization and industrialization?
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Urbanization and Industrialization supported education to equip children with the skills to work in factories and began to define leisure as really, whatever one did for fun after work.
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What happened with democracy in Western Europe in the late nineteenth century?
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Democracy became widespread in Western Europe with the further developments of suffrage, ministerial responsibility, and parliament.
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What political developments did Central and Eastern Europe experience in the late nineteenth century?
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After undergoing long periods of Conservative governments, the principles of a dual-monarchy, socialism, and legislative assembly were embraced in Central and Eastern Europe.
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How did the Second Industrial Revolution affect the United States?
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The Second Industrial Revolution shifted the United State's economy from being farm-based to industrialized. This lead to urbanization and an increase in population.
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How did international rivalries push Europe close to war?
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Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and Alliances on an international scale became threatening to European countries, pushing them close to war.
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How did innovation change literature, the visual arts, and music in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
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Innovation challenged creators to embrace art as functioning for its own sake, not criticize or seek to understand society, as seen before. These artists were encouraged to write, paint, and compose what they felt.
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How did scientific discoveries in the late 1800s impact the way people saw themselves and their world?
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Because of scientific discoveries in the late 1800s, people bagan to realize that they could be psychoanalyzed based on prior experience, that that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer, and that radium gave off energy, or radiation, that apparently came from within the atom itself. Atoms were not just material bodies but small, active worlds.
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What role did nationalism play in the late 1800s?
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Nationalism was running rampant throughout the 1800s. It was used to justify religious intolerance of Jews (Anti-Semitism), leading to multitudes of persecution justified by Social Darwinism.
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What were the motivations for the new imperialism?
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The new imperialism was carried out by the motivation to obtain direct control over vast territories for reliable markets and in some cases the spread of Christian beliefs.
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What led to Western dominance in Southeast Asia?
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Firstly, Great Britain set out to obtain Singapore and Burma , crushing the Burmese monarchy and establishing control of that region. Next, France, forced the Vietnamese to accept French protection in fear of British movement into Vietnam. France ended up spanning its control over several countries in the general area of Vietnam as a protectorate.
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How did colonial powers govern their colonies?
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Colonial powers either governed through direct or indirect rule. According to the text, " Under indirect rule, local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status in a new colonial setting. This made access to the region's natural resources easier. Indirect rule was cheaper because fewer officials had to be trained. It also affected local culture less.". However, direct rule took place when some local elites resisted colonization. In these cases, the local elites were replaced with Western officials. In either case, the main goals of the colonial powers were to exploit those colonized for natural resources.
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How did indigenous people in Southeast Asia respond to colonial rule?
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Indigenous people in Southeast Asia resented colonial rule and firstly broke out into peasant riots. However, nationalism took place and Westernized culture became embraced (assimilation).
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Why were European countries interested in West Africa and North Africa?
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Europeans were interested in the raw materials and slave trade within North and West Africa.
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Why did European countries compete for colonies in Central Africa and East Africa?
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European countries were commonly interested in the dense jungles of Central Africa to make it open to civilization and to modernize it. East Africa was a favorable region for colonization as it had connections for Europeans through Egypt and provided political support.
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How was European dominance different in South Africa?
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European dominance in South Africa was immense seeing as though the Europeans not only conquered territory, but they moved in and became a part of the civilization (Boers)
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How did European governance lead to African nationalism?
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Europeans in governing created separation between themsleves and the African natives in their own home. They divided social places by race and educated Africans showed resentment towards this way of leadership. As a result, African nationalism spurred to create a barrier between African culture and what Europeans were allowed to "impose" on it.
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What was the source of conflict between the British and the Indian people?
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The Indians were disrespected by the British in several ways. One of the main ways was in lack of religious tolerance. India's government was divided between the Muslims and the Hindus, but once the British created rifle cartridges lubricated in beef and pork fat (which neither groups could consume), the Indians broke out into a rebellion known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
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What were the consequences of British rule in India?
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British rule in India resulted in great economic consequences seeing as though the British established their own manufactured goods and industries, reducing the income of the Indians and causing many women to lose their jobs. Heavy taxation was also detrimental to the economy. The production of cash crops additionally was a consequential effect of British rule in India, causing widespread famine.
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What led to an Indian independence movement?
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The slow pace of reform in India caused many advocates to become worried about the issue of change in government occurring. For this purpose, the Indian National Congress was created, and strove for India's independence.
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How did British rule influence Indian culture?
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British domination enhanced Indian culture through broadening of education, literature, and linguistics.
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What was the impact of U.S. involvement in Latin America in the early 1900s?
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U.S. involvement in Latin America in the early 1900s resulted in the United States' gaining of land in Latin America, the development of the Panama Canal, collecting debt from Latin American nations, as well as the system of dollar diplomacy.
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What were the causes and effects of the Mexican Revolution?
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The Mexican Revolution was caused by a dictatorial reign of Porfirio DĂaz. The Revolution resulted in Mexican nationalism, further development of Mexican culture, democratic and political stability for Mexico, as well as a new constitution.
