question

(1914-1918) WWI

answer

Great War

question

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI (1880s)

answer

Triple Alliance

question

when William II of Germany ousted Bismark from power and ignored Russia, France formed alliance with Russia to help keep Germany in check

answer

Franco-Russo Alliance

question

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding WWI

answer

Triple Entente

question

Germany's plan that is a swift attack on France through Belgium

answer

Schlieffen Plan

question

of Austria-Hungary; when he visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, was assacinated

answer

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

question

a Serbian nationalist who shot and killed the Archduke and his wife, which made Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia

answer

Gavrilo Princip

question

an alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire during the WWI

answer

Central Powers

question

an alliance of Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy - during the WWI

answer

Allies

question

a policy in which the U.S. declared its neutrality, preferring to focus on its own affairs at the beginning of the War

answer

Isolationism

question

British passenger ship sunk by Germans on May 7, 1915—killed both American and British civilians and caused a rise in American dislike for the Germans

answer

The Lusitania

question

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

answer

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

question

-a secret message sent bet. German diplomats suggesting that Mexico might want to join forces with Germany and thereby regain the territory it had lost to the United States in the Mexican-American War of 1846-was intercepted by the US

answer

Zimmermann telegram

question

A form of warfare used in WWI in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield

answer

Trench warfare

question

(1919) brought an official end to WWI; a departure from President Wilson's ____________

answer

Treaty of Versailles

question

Treaty of Versailles

answer

punitive to Germany -pay war reparations -release territory -downsize its military divided Austria-Hungary into separate nations created other nations such as Czechoslovakia

question

by President Wilson; focused on establishing future peace and a workable balance of power

answer

Fourteen Points

question

(1920) A world organization established in to promote international cooperation and peace;was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League; many nations such as Germany and Russia rejected at first

answer

League of Nations

question

last czar or Russia during the revolution and WWI, abdicated, killed with family by the Bolsheviks; the end of Romanov Dynasty

answer

Nicholas II

question

1905; peaceful march by Russian moderates turned deadly when Czar's guards fired on crowd, killing hundreds

answer

Bloody Sunday

question

Russian Prime Minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants.

answer

Peter Stolypin

question

Russian Parliament; a body intended to represent the people, but every time it was critical of czar, was immediately disbande

answer

Duma

question

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of ________ and the creation of a _____________ in March 1917

answer

Russian Revolution

question

Russia in the WWI

answer

the largest army but not the most powerful b/c not as industrialized suffered large-scale losses cause the Russian Revolution

question

who established a provisional government

answer

Alexander Kerensky

question

ineffectual because it shared power with __________, but affirmed natural rights (equality and toleration of religion)

answer

Provisional government of Russia

question

A Russian local council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers

answer

Soviets

question

the socialist party, which the soviets rallied behind by 1918

answer

Bolsheviks

question

the Marxist leader of the party who led the Bolshevik Revolution by mobilizing the support of workers and soldiers

answer

Vladimir Lenin

question

Lenin's promise to the Russian people and challenge to the Provisional Government to provide peace, land, and bread

answer

April Theses

question

(1918) the overthrow of the Russia's provisional government led by __________ that established a communist government; caused by the provisional gov. wanting to continue in the war

answer

Bolshevik Revolution

question

(1918) a Russia's armistice with Germany, on which Germany ceded a huge piece of western Russia to Germany and made Russia drop out of WWI

answer

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

question

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states

answer

Soviet Union

question

counterrevolution in Soviet Union (and its effects)

answer

1918-1921 by Ukraine, Siberia, and other parts of Russian Empire -deepened the distrust bet. the new Marxist state and its Western neighbors, which supported the counterrevolutionaries -Bolsheviks got ________, a very powerful army, at its disposal

question

a military force under the command of ____________ created by the Bolsheviks to put down the struggles from the counterrevolutionaries; won a victory of Germans in the end of WWII

answer

Red Army

question

led the Red Army and defeat the counterrevolutionaries in 1918 with the help of peasants

answer

Leon trotsky

question

led successful military campaigns against the Greeks, when it attacked the Turks, and then overthrew the Ottoman sultan; became the first president of the Modern Turkey and secularized it by Westernizing

answer

Mustafa Kemal

question

secularizing the Modern Turkey by _____________

answer

- alphabet from Arabic to Latin - set up a parliamentary system - the legal code from Islamic to Western

question

"the Father of the Turks"; Mustafa Kemal

answer

Ataturk

question

a plan in the Soviet Union set up by Lenin to solve problems after the WWI in the early 1920s, which had some capitalist aspects

answer

New Economic Policy (NEP)

question

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union; the leader of the Bolsheviks (Communist Party) after Lenin

answer

Joseph Stalin

question

set up by Stalin, who believed the _______ was so slow, which called for expedient agricultural production by __________ and advocated for the construction of large, nationalized factories

answer

Five Year Plans

question

a process under ____________ in which Stalin ruthlessly took over private farms and combined them into state-owned enterprises

answer

Collectivization

question

the formal name of the Soviet Union

answer

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

question

Five Years Plans

answer

-industrialized the USSR -improved economic conditions for the country as a whole -many died to protect their farms from the collectivization -many died of famines during the collectivization

question

1936-1938; A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin's power

answer

"Great Purge"

question

following the WWI, __________ financed most of the recovery; the financial headquarters of the world shifted from _______ to _______, which had become a major center of credit to Europe, especially to _______ and ________

answer

capitalism; London, New York; Germany and France

question

a spiral of monetary and fiscal problems that started when the US stock market crashed escalated into an international catastrophe when American banks immediately stopped extending credit; resulted the triumph of fascism in countries where democracy had shallow roots

answer

Great Depression

question

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

answer

Franklin Roosevelt

question

a subset of totalitarianism that rely on traditional institutions and social distinctions to enforce their rule and are extremely nationalistic that sometimes involves racism

answer

Fascism

question

A political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life; seeks to destroy traditional institutions and class distinctions

answer

Totalitarianism

question

created the National Fascist Party in Italy in 1919

answer

Benito Mussolini

question

Mussolini's "gang"paid to control Italy by fighting socialist and communist organizations

answer

Blackshirts

question

unified italy, peacefuly let Mussolini take italy to avoid a much greater conflict in the times of economic trouble

answer

King Victor Emmanuel III

question

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

answer

Weimar Republic

question

rose to power in the 1920s, ushered in by the worldwide depression

answer

National Socialist Party (Nazis)

question

Weimar Republic's elected body, which German people increasingly rejected its solutions when the Germany's economy collapsed

answer

Reichstag

question

fuhrer of the Nazi Party who became chancellor, the leader of Reichstag

answer

Adolf Hitler

question

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

answer

Third Reich

question

nationalism in Europe, Japan; nationalism in its colonies

answer

racism, fascism, and domination ability to free the nation from rule by another and determine one's own destiny

question

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain from its parliamentary democracy with the help of Hitler and Mussoliniin 1939 and who ruled as a dictator

answer

Francisco Franco

question

a policy adopted by France and Great Britain to refuse to aid the supporters of the Spanish democracy during the civil war

answer

Nonintervention policy

question

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

answer

Rhineland

question

a settlement permitting Germany to annex Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia without its consent after Germany's annexation of Austria, in turn for the promise to cease expansionist activities

answer

Munich Conference of 1938

question

the prime minister of England who did _______________ to avoid war with Germany at the Munich Conference of 1938

answer

Nevile Chamberlain; appeasement

question

a nonagression pact; Stalin and Hitler agreed that 1.) Germany would not invade the Soviet Union if the Soviets stayed out of Germany's military affairs 2.) determined how the Eastern Europe divided (Lithuania+eastern Poland=Germany; remainder of Poland, Finland, Baltic states=Russia)

answer

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1919)

question

Manchuria was invaded by Japan in 1931 and was renamed _________ as its colony

answer

Manchukuo

question

agreement signed between Germany and Japan after Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in which they established their opposition to the Comintern (communism esp. Russia)

answer

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

question

"lightning war"; German war tactic: destroying everything in its path with historically unprecedented speed

answer

blitzkrieg

question

the British Prime Minister who led and inspired during WWII

answer

Winston Churcill

question

started as Churchill refused to cut a deal with Germany; Hitler launched a massive air bombing campaign and pitted the superior numbers of the German air force against the smaller numbers of the Royal Air Force; British succeeded in keeping the German army out

answer

Battle of Britain (1940

question

a system that uses reflected radio waves to detect objects and measure their distance and speed; helped British manage a successful, though costly, defense of the island

answer

Radar

question

Signed between the Axis powers(Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

answer

Tripartite Pact (1940)

question

Japanese bombed a U.S. naval station in Hawaii at _____

answer

Pearl Harbor (1941)

question

the development of atomic bomb

answer

Manhattan Project

question

English, American, and Canadian forces launched their biggest offensive, landing on the French beaches of Normandy on___________ and liberated France

answer

D-day (June 6, 1944)

question

U.S. president who ordered dropping of atomic bomb as Japan refused to surrender

answer

President Truman

question

the first dropping of atomic bomb in _______on_________

answer

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

question

the second dropping of atomic bomb in _______on________ when Japanese vowed to fight on

answer

Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

question

Holocaust; Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jews during World War II (as by gas chambers and firing lines)

answer

"The Final Solution"

question

the plan, in which billions of dollars of American money was made available for reconstruction, was offered to all European countries but only accepted by Western European nations

answer

Marshall Plan (1947)

question

1939-1945

answer

WWII

question

the first international organization set up in _____ by the belief of the Allies that it would reduce the probability that such a great war would break out again; primary goal: meditate/ intervene in international disputes bet. nation and monitor the human rights

answer

United Nations (1945)

question

______, _________, and _________ were founded to create and manage a more integrated global economy

answer

World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

question

two superpowers, U.S. and USSR, that emerged after WWII vied for global domination, trying to pull the rest of the world into their standoff

answer

Cold War (1945-1990s)

question

Germany and other parts of Eastern Europe were divided into temporary "spheres of influence," each to be occupied and rebuilt by respective members of the Allied forces in the conferences at _______ and _________; Germany was divided into four regions, each under the influence of one of four Allies: France, Britain, U.S. and USSR

answer

Yalta and Potsdam (1945)

question

USSR set up puppet governments

answer

Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria

question

French, British , American regions of Germany merged into one

answer

West Germany (1948)

question

the Soviets wanted all of Berlin to be within the control, so they cut off land access to Berlin from the west

answer

Berlin Blockade

question

the West retaliated to the Berlin Blockade by flying in food and fuel to the "trapped" western half of the city; result: Berlin was divided in half

answer

Berlin Airlift

question

Soviet satellites; East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary

answer

Soviet bloc (or Eastern bloc)

question

communist country but establishes its own path, having testy relations w/ Moscow

answer

Yogoslavia

question

Western Europe include Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, and eventually Greece and Turkey

answer

Western bloc

question

United States explicitly stated that it would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers; aka ______________*

answer

Truman Doctrine (1947)

question

Truman Doctrine; A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

answer

Containment

question

a military alliance of mutual defense formed by the Western bloc

answer

NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

question

a military alliance formed by the Eastern bloc in response to ___________*

answer

Warsaw Pact

question

Churchill called the line bet. East and West the __________ because Western influence couldn't penetrate it and Easterners were rarely allowed to go to the Western bloc

answer

Iron Curtain

question

a policy adopted by India in which she refused to take sides and sometimes accepted investment from both

answer

Nonalignment

question

limited nuclear technology to just five powers (China, Russia, U.S.A., Great Britain, and France)

answer

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968)

question

A UN agency created to limit the use of nuclear technology to peaceful purposes

answer

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1957)

question

Nuclear Proliferation

answer

-Israel, India, and Pakistan chose not to participate in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty after the collapse of USSR -Only South Africa has voluntarily dismantled its nuclear weapons program

question

who led the Chinese Revolution of 1911

answer

Sun Yat-sen

question

China became Westernized under ____________*

answer

Chinese Revolution of 1911

question

nationalism, socialism, and democracy

answer

Three Principles of the People

question

Sun Yat-sen's political party dedicated to his goals

answer

Kuomingdang (or KMT)

question

successor of _________* and established KMT as the ruling party of China but only for a while

answer

Chiang Kai-shek

question

KMT vs communists; but joined together in its fight against the Japanese

answer

Chinese Civil War

question

Chinese communist leader who drove out Kuomingdang

answer

Mao Zedong

question

Kuomingdang fled to the island of Taiwan and established the ____________; later developed as an economic powerhouse

answer

Republic of China

question

the largest communist nation in the world under the leadership of ____________*

answer

People's Republic of China

question

an economic and social campaign led by Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization; caused ________*

answer

Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)

question

local governments that ran the communes couldn't produce the ridiculously high agricultural quotas demanded by the central government; so lied about their production, ;leading to the starvation deaths of nearly 30 milliion

answer

Greatest Chinese Famine

question

USSR, the only foreign supporter of China, pulled away and eventually withdrew its support; left China on its own w/ its communal system in disarray

answer

Sino-Soviet split

question

domestic policy by Mao Zedong; to discourage anything approaching a privileged ruling class; erase all traces of a Western-influenced intelligentsia ex. universities shut down; curriculum - only communist studies

answer

Cultural Revolution (1966)

question

the new leader who quickly changed the education policy of failed ________*; allowed limited business and property ownership but remained strictly communist

answer

Deng Xiaoping (1976)

question

one milion demonstrators converged on _________ calling for democratic reform but hundreds were killed

answer

Tiananmen Square massacre (1989)

question

Dividing line between North and South Korea

answer

38th parallel

question

went to the aid of the South Koreans when North Korea attacked in an attempt to unite

answer

Multinational force from UN

question

Commander of the UN forces at the beginning of the Korean War

answer

General MacArthur

question

July 27, 1953

answer

Armistice of Korea

question

including US, North Korea, South Korea, China, Russia, and Japan; North Korea pulled out of it in 2009 for good to continue its nuclear enrichment program

answer

Six Party Talks

question

French tried to hold on to their colony of ______ after WWII

answer

Indochina

question

nationalist in Indochina who fought back French

answer

Vietminh

question

communist leader who gained control of the land north of Vietnam

answer

Ho Chi Minh

question

the president of the democratic south in Vietnam

answer

Ngo Dihn Diem

question

Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam

answer

17th parallel

question

South Vietnamese who fought to overthrow the Diem government and reunite the country under Communist rule; successful

answer

Viet Cong

question

fighter jets, missiles, and tanks; costly and logistically complicated; take months to position weaponry and put together a war plan but once implemented, can be devastatingly efficient

answer

High-tec warfare

question

stealthy and lower tec warfare that involves small boms and munitions; less deadly but flexible, random, and hard to predict

answer

Guerilla warfare

question

after Cuba won its independence from Spain during the Spanish-American war of 1898, the US remained involved in Cuban affairs under the terms of the _____; provided for the presence of US military bases

answer

Platt Amendment

question

continuing the policies that benefited the wealthy landowners; supported by US

answer

Batista Dictatorship (1939-1959)

question

under the leadership of ________ peasants began to a revolt in 1956; but after the _________* established a communist leadership

answer

Fidel Castro

question

A political revolution that removed the United States supported ________* from power

answer

Cuban Revolution (1959)

question

the failed attempt of Cuban exiles backed by the U.S. to overthrow the Cuban socialist government of Fidel Castro; authorized by President Kennedy

answer

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

question

confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning Soviet ballistic missiles deployment in Cuba; Kennedy made it clear to the world that if missiles were launched from Cuba, US would retaliate

answer

Cuban Missile Crisis

question

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force

answer

Good Neighbor

question

a Mexican political party that stabled as single-party rule when Latin America's complaints about "Good Neighbor" increased

answer

PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)

question

Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government; active in the 1970s -1980s; US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels as in the first stage of Bay of Pigs Invasion

answer

Sandinista

question

biggest issue in Latin America; Latin American economies that relied on products such as coffee, sugar, fruit, and oil, leading to tremendous debt and weak domestic enemies. Especially a problem during the Cold War.

answer

Export economies

question

a Mexican political party opposed to PIN that won the presidency in 2006, but not in 2012

answer

PAN (National Action Party)

question

Labor movement against Communism of USSR in Poland led by __________*

answer

Solidarity movement (1980)

question

led the solidarity movement in Poland; was elected president later

answer

Lech Walesa

question

a member of Solidarity who became Prime Minister in the first open elections since the end of WWII

answer

Taduez Mazowiecki

question

democratic Poland

answer

-economy swiftly improved -joined NATO in 1999 -joined European Union in 2004

question

Berlin wall torn down

answer

1989

question

reunification of Germany

answer

-businesses in East Germany struggled b/c outdated -unemployment rate high -gov. didn't abandon

question

came to power in the USSR in 1985; instituted policies of glasnost (openness) and urged a perestroika (restructuring) of the Soviet economy; officially denounced Great Purge

answer

Mikhail Gorbachev

question

USSR disintegrated; Cold War over; Warsaw Pact disbanded; US the only superpower

answer

1991

question

Bosnian and Albanian Muslims were raped and slaughtered by Christian Serbians in Yogoslavia; violence eventually led to the involvement of UN troops

answer

Ethnic cleansing

question

a Muslim-dominated region in Russia that wanted to break away and used guerrilla warfare and terrorist methods to do so

answer

Chechnya

question

what new Russia looked like; three branches, checks and balances

answer

Federal

question

the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991-1999 in a traumatic period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems

answer

Boris Yeltsin

question

Soviet secret police agency charged with domestic and foreign intelligence

answer

K.G.B.

question

former K.G.B. agent who ran the presidency for three times

answer

Vladimir Putin

6. 1900 to Present – Flashcards

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