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Middle Ages (wars and migration) timeline

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450-1450 Architecture: Early-Romanesque Late-Gothic Visual arts: Stressed iconic/symbolic, not realism

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Renaissance ("rebirth") timline

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1450-1600 Rebirth of human learning and creativity Time of great explorers Humanism Fascination with ancient Greece and Rome

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Hundred Years' War

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1337-1453

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Bubonic Plague (black death)

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1350

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Three social classes of the Middle Ages

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Nobility Peasantry Clergy

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Humanism (strongly influenced art)

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The dominant intellectual movement during the Renaissance

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Protestant Reformation

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Led my Martin Luther (1483-1546)

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Music in the Middle Ages

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Church dominates musical activity Most musicians were priest: women did not sing in mixed church settings Music primarily vocal and sacred: instruments not used in church

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Gregorian Chant (monophonic)

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Named after Pope Gregory I Consists of melody set to sacred Latin texts and sung without accompaniment

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Church modes (modes)

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Consist of seven different tones and an eighth tone that duplicates the first and octave higher Different half and whole steps than modern scales

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Alleluia: Vidimus Stellam (We have seen His star)

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Gregorian Chant Monophonic texture Ternary form-A B C

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O successores (You successors) Hildegard of Bingen

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Gregorian Chant Without accompaniment (originally) Includes a drone Extended range of melody

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Drone

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Consists of one or more long, sustained tones accompanying a melody

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Secular Music

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Music outside the church (non-church music)

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Troubadours and Trouveres

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Southern French nobles and Northern French nobles Wrote poems and songs for court performances about courtly love, Crusades, and dancing Performed by jongleurs (minstrels)

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Estampie (Thirteenth Century)

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Medieval dance music Triple meter with a strong, fast beat

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Organum

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Medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines

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Development of Polyphony Organum : (700-900)

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A second line was added to the Gregorian chant to duplicate the melody at a different pitch Two lines were in parallel motion

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Development of Polyphony Organum 900-1200

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Organum became truly polyphonic The added line became more independent Developed a melodic curve of its own

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Development of Polyphony Organum 1100

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Second line became even more independent Added melody no longer restricted to note-against-note Two lines differed rhythmically and melodically New part, in top voice, moved faster than the chant line

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School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm

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Refers to choirmasters Leonin and Perotin who are among the first notable composers to use measured rhythm with definite time values and clearly defined meter

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Notre Dame Style

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Writing with notated rhythm

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New Art: (NOVA) 14th Century Music in France

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Composers wrote polyphonic music not based on chant New music notation system had developed: Allowed for better rhythmic patterns and syncopation became common

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Guillaume de Machaut

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Mid-to-late Century composer (1300-1377) Famous as musician and poet Wrote both sacred and secular music Best known for his Notre Dame Mass

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Rondeau

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One of the main poetic and musical forms in fourteenth-and fifteenth-century France

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Puis qu' en oubli sui de vous (Since I am forgotten by you) around 1363 : Machaut

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Melancholy feel Rondeau form (8 lines, ab aa ab ab) Syncopation Interpretation (3 notated lines, 1 text)

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Notre Dame Mass (mid fourteenth century) : Machaut

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Polyphonic- 4 voices (parts) Ternary form: A B A (form results from the text) Part of mass ordinary

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Mass Ordinary

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Consists of texts that remain the same from day-to-day throughout the church year

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Music in the Renaissance

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Church choirs grew in size ( all male) Rise of the individual patron Musical center shifted from Church to courts Court composers wrote secular and sacred music Women did not sing in mixed church settings Musicians received higher status and pay Composers sought credit for their work Italy became the music capital in the sixteenth century

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Characteristics of Renaissance Music: ("Golden Age" of a cappella choral music)

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Words and Music: Vocal was more important than instrumental music.-Composers used word painting: a musical depiction of specific words Texture: Polyphonic-primarily vocal a cappella- if instruments present, doubled the vocal parts Rhythm and Melody: Gentle flow, rhythmic indepence

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Sacred Music in the Renaissance

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Two main forms: Motet- a polyphonic choral set to sacred Latin text Mass- a polyphonic choral composition made up of five sections....Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei

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Josquin Desprez (1440-1521) Ave Maria

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Leading composer of his time Master of Renaissance music which include masses, motets, and secular vocal pieces Worked with Papa Choir in Rome and for King Louis XII of France Works are cheerful, gentle, mild, and lovely; flow and move along; neither forced nor coerced

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Ave Maria...Virgo Serena (Hail Mary...serene virgin) 1475 Josquin Desprez

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Four voice motet Polyphonic texture Overlapping voice parts

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Palestrina (1525-1594)

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Culmination of the Renaissance Worked primarily in Rome Music director at St. Peter's Worked during and after Council of Trent to address:...abuses and malpractice within the church, role of music in worship, emerging Protestantism Wrote music meeting demands of Trent

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Pope Marcellus Mass (1562-1563) Palestrina

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A cappella choir of six voices KYRIE: Polyphonic texture with overlapping voice parts

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Secular Music in the Renaissance

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Madrigal: a piece for solo voices combines homophonic and polyphonic textures uses word painting and unusual harmonies Printed in part-book or opposing-sheet format originated in Italy

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As Vesta was Descending (1601) Thomas Weelkes

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Text throughout song Text painting

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Lute (1590's to 1620's)

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A plucked string instrument with a body shaped like half a pear like the guitar of today most popular instrument in the Renaissance home mostly homophonic in texture

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Instrumental music of Renaissance

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Did not become more important Still subordinate to vocal music Increasingly accompanied voices Sometimes played adapted vocal music alone Much was intended for dancing Musicians distinguished between loud outdoor instruments and softer indoor ones Composers did not specify instruments they wanted

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Passamezzo and Gilliard by Pierre Francisque Caroubel from Terpsichore (1612) Michael Praetorius

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Illustrates practice of pairing contrasting court dances in duple and triple meter Passamezzo in duple meter Gilliard in triple meter

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Baroque Period "Age of Absolutism" (1600-1750)

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Baroque style: Flamboyant "Fills Space" Visual art implies motion Busy Elaborate architecture Change in approach to science based on experiment not observation-inventions and improvements result

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Baroque Music (1640-1750)

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Divided into three phases: a. Early (1600-1640)) b. Middle (1640-1690) c. Late (1690-1750)

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Early Baroque (1600-1640)

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Favored homophonic over polypohonic Depict extreme emotion in texts Opera created

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Middle Baroque (1640-1690)

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New musical style spreads throughout Europe Medieval/Church modes gave way to major/minor scales Instrumental music became important

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Late (1690-1750)

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Emphasis on dominant chord to tonic (harmony) Emphasis on homophonic texture Instrumental music became as important as vocal music Elaborate polyphony dominates Most music we hear comes from the late Baroque period

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Characteristics of Baroque Music

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Unity of mood Rhythm Melody Dynamics Texture Chords and the Basso Continuo Words and Music

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Unity of mood

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Expresses one mood per piece "Affections": emotional states like joy, grief, and agitation

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Rhythm

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Rhythmic continuity Emphasis on beat

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Melody

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Opening melody heard repeatedly Continuous expanding of melodic sequence

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Dynamics

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Dynamic continuity Volumes constant with abrupt changes "Terraced Dynamics": alteration between loud and soft

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Texture

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Predominately polyphonic Extensive use of imitations

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Chords and the Basso Continuo

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Chords: Emphasis on how chords follow each other Bass serves as foundation of the harmony Basso Continuo: Bass part with numbers ("Figured Bass") to represent chord tones

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Words and Music

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Text painting/word painting continues: (Music to depict meaning of specific words) Emphasis on words by extension through many rapid notes

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The Baroque Orchestra

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Based on violin family of instruments Small by modern standards 30-40 players Varying instruments: Strings, Woodwinds, Brass, Percussion Nucleus was Basso Continuo unit Tone color(timbre) subordinate to other musical elements Composers specified instrumentation

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Baroque Forms

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Instrumental music frequently made up of contrasting movement: a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition. Performed with pause between movements Unity of mood within individual movements Movements often contrast with each other

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Basic Baroque Forms

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Ternary: A B A Binary: A B A A B A B B A A B B

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Music in Baroque Society

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Most music was written to order: New music was required Courts: Music was a main source of diversion in the courts and indicated affluence Music Director: Good prestige, pay and other benefits but still considered a skilled servant Some rulers/aristocrats were musicians Church music was very grand: Few public concerts-Church is where most ordinary citizens heard music Church music contributed to prestige of a city Some public opera houses Music careers taught by apprentice: orphanages taught music as a trade Composers were an integral part

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The Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Form

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Concerto Grosso: For a small group of soloists pitted against a larger group of players ("Tuttti") Multi-movement work Consists of three movements: Fast-Slow (usually quieter)-Fast (sometimes dance-like) Ritornello: Frequently used in first and last movements (ritornello form) of concerto grosso Theme repeatedly presented in fragments Contrast between solo sections and tutti

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Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major (about 1721) Johann Sebastian Bach

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For string orchestra and group of soloists (flute, violin, harpsichord) Ritornello form

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The Fugue

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A polyphonic composition based on one main them (subject) Written for a group of instruments or voices, or for single instrument like an organ or harpsichord Different melodic lines (voices) imitate the subject Each voice enters after previous voice has completed presenting the subject

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Organ Fugue in G Minor (Little Fugue) Johann Sebastian Bach

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Individual voice entry on same melody (subject) Subject appears throughout Lowest notes played on pedals with feet

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The Elements of Opera

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Drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment Fusion of music, acting, poetry, dance, scenery, costumes Characters and plot revealed through song Associated with high social status Libretto "TEXT" written by librettist Music written by a composer Can be serious, comic, or both

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Elements of Opera Cont......

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Two primary types of solo songs: Recitative: presents plot material Aria: expresses emotion-usually a "show-off" vehicle for the singer Other types of song: Duet-Trio-Quartet-Quintet, etc Chorus: Groups of actors playing crown parts Prompter (in the prompter's box): Gives cues Orchestra Pit: The nerve center of an opera with same instruments as symphony orchestra Prelude/overture: Orchestral composition/instruments that open opera acts Supertitles: Projection of text above the stage

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Opera in the Baroque Era

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Result of musical discussions of the "CAMERATA" in Florence: A small group of nobles, poets, and composers EURIDICE (Peri-1600): First known opera ORFEO (Monteverdi-1607): First great- large scale opera Composed for ceremonial occasions at court: Display of magnificence and grandeur Aristocrats compared to ancient hereos First public opera house opened in Venice (1637) Venetian opera a great tourist attraction Rise of virtuoso singer: The Castrato was chief among the singers-boys castrated before puberty Secco recitatives: recitatives accompanied by a basso continuo Accompanied recitatives: recitatives supported by the orchestra Da Capo Aria: An aria in A B A form (embellised)

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Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)

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Italian-Early Baroque composer Wrote the first great operatic work, ORFEO Worked last 30 years at St. Mark's in Venice composing sacred and secular music for the aristocracy Only 3 of his 12 operas still exist

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Tu se' morta (You are dead) (Orpheus, 1607) Monteverdi

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Homophonic texture Rhythmically free vocal line Text painting

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Henry Purcell (1659-1695)

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Called the greatest of English composer Highly regarded, held several court positions Buried beneath the organ in Westminster Abbey Wrote sacred and secular music in many styles Had only one opera: Dido and Aeneas (considered by some to be the best English opera ever) Used ground bass for his opera

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Ground Bass (basso ostinato)

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Repeated musical idea in bass Variation form Melodies above bass change

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Dido and Aeneas (1689) Henry Purcell

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Secco recitative followed by aria Aria makes use of ground bass Chromatically descending bass used to indicate grief

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The Baroque Sonata

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Instrumental work Sonata: A composition in several movements for one to eight instruments Composers often wrote trio sonatas: three melodic lines Basso continuo and two above Written as three parts, but performed by four players Played in palaces, homes, and churches Sonata da chiesa: Church sonata- had more dignified character and suitable for sacred performance Sonata da camera: Chamber sonata- more dance-like and was intended for performance at court

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Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3 No. 10 (1689) Arcangelo Corelli

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Polyphonic texture Multi movement Contrast between movements

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Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

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Late Baroque Italian composer Known as the "Red Priest" because of his religious background and his red hair Taught music at girls orphanage in Venice and the girls performed at mass hidden behind screen Wrote sacred and secular vocal and instrumental music Best known for his concerti grossi and solo concertos (a piece for a single soloist and an orchestra Famous as a virtuoso violinist and composer Most popular work is La Primavera (Spring) from The Four Seasons

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La Primavera (Spring) Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op 8, No. 1, from The Four Seansons (1725) Vivaldi

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Has three movements: Fast-slow-Fast

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La Primavera: Cont. First Movement

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Allegro Concerto for violin and string orchestra polyphonic texture and ritornello form Descriptive effects

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La Primavera: Cont. Second Movement

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Largo e pianissimo sempre (very slow and very soft throughout) Concerto for violin and string orchestra Orchestra reduced to only violins and violas Descriptive effects

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La Primavera Cont. Third Movement

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Danza pastorale (Pastoral Dance) Concerto for violin and string orchestra Ritronello form alternates solo and tutti sections Descriptive effects

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Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

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German composer in late Baroque period Was an organist and violinist Lutheran and deeply religious Worked in sacred and secular positions Had twenty children Known as a keyboardist and master of improvisation Almost unknown outside of Germany Baroque style going out of fashion during his lifetime His music fell from use following his death

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Bach's Music

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Created masterpieces in every form except opera Compositions recognized for technical mastery Music is a unique combination of polyphonic texture and rich harmony Music majors study Bach's compositions His extensive instrumental works indicate the new importance of instrumental music Wrote music exploring musical concepts: Art of the Fugue demonstrates potential of this form Six suites for solo cello demonstrates cello technique Well-Tempered Clavier explores new method of tuning

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The Baroque Suite

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Made up of movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character Instrumental, multi-movement work Written for listening, but based upon dance Movements usually in binary form: A A B B Frequently begin with a non-dance overture (French Overture) French overture-2 sections first: slow, dignified Second: faster, often beginning as a fugue Forerunner of forms used in the next period

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Suite No. 3 in D Major (1729-1731) Bach

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First movement: Overture Second movement: Air Third Movement: Gavotte Fourth Movement: Bourree' Fifth Movement: Gigue Extensive polyphony Contrast of dance forms and tempo in various movements

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The Chorale and Church Cantata

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Chorales: Hymn tune with German text Lutheran church service was social event of the week Lasted 4 hours with 1 hour sermon Music was a significant part of the worship service Congregation participated in singing chorales- Cantata: Multi-movement church work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra Vernacular religious text Resembled opera in its use of choruses, recitatives, and duets

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Cantata No. 140: Wachet Auf, Fuft Uns Die Stimme (Awake, A Voice is Calling Us) 1731 Bach

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Based upon a chorale tune that was then over 130 years old Vernacular (German) text A A B form

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Cantata No. 140 Cont.

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First movement: Chorus and Orchestra- Vernacular( German ) Text Chorale tune basis Polyphonic Ritornello Form

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Cantata No. 140 Cont

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Fourth movement: Tenor Chorale Scored for tenors, violins/violas in unison, and basso continuo Chorale tune basis Ritornello form

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Cantata No. 140 Cont

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Seventh movement: Chorale Chorale tune basis Homophonic, instruments double voices Simple/tunful-congregation could join in

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The Oratorio

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Like opera: Large-scale work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra Contains arias, recitatives, ensembles Unlike opera: No acting, scenery, or costumes Based on biblical stories Not intended for religious services: Commonly performed today in both churches and concert halls

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George Frederic Handel (1685-1759)

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Born in Germany---same year as Bach Not from musical family Studied music in Germany, then to Italy to study opera, finally England to work Became England's most important composer Wrote many operas in London Had own opera company where worked as composer, performer, and impresario Buried in Westminster Abbey

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Handel's Music

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Wrote in every Baroque form Bulk of his work in oratorios and operas Favored Old Testament stories as topics for oratorios His music has more changes in texture than Bach's Extensive use of changing moods Shifts between major and minor keys His arias showcase virtuoso singers' abilities

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The Messiah (1741) Handel

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2 1/2 hours of music written over a period of 24 days Premiered to wide acclaim during a trip to Ireland Poorly received in England until a performance to benefit an orphanage Topic: prophesies about Christ, his birth, and death Text drawn from Biblical passages

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The Messiah Cont

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Every Valley Shall Be Exalted: aria for tenor, strings, and basso continuo Opens and closes with string ritornello Extensive text painting

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The Messiah Cont

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For Unto Us A Child Is Born: chorus, strings, and basso continuo Joyful musical mood Subdued dynamics until forte outburst Extensive text painting

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The Messiah Cont

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Hallelujah Chorus Mixture of monophonic, polyphonic, and homophonic extures Words and phrases repeat over and over

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