question

The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were

answer

Locke and Newton

question

An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed material created a new and increasingly influential social force called:

answer

Public opinion

question

Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, ________ praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society

answer

Letters on the English

question

________, and eighteenth-century philosopher, was known as the "Jewish Socrates"

answer

Moses Mendelssohn

question

Who wrote "The Persian Letters"?

answer

Charles de Montesquieu

question

_________, published, "On Crimes and Punishments", in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.

answer

Marquis Cesare Beccaria

question

The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in _________.

answer

France

question

______ contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question

Herder is famous for his early views concerning ______.

answer

Cultural relativism

question

_______ maintained that women were naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.

answer

Charles de Montesquieu

question

Which of the following styles of art utilize lavish, often lighthearted decoration with and emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light.

answer

Rococo

question

Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?

answer

Neoclassicism

question

_________, who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and the growing bureaucracy.

answer

Frederick the Great

question

As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of _______ in 1783.

answer

Crimea

question

How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?

answer

He lived in exile in England

question

The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.

answer

Property rights

question

The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings with scenes of leisure, romance, and seduction led to feelings of hostility towards the ___________.

answer

Political and Social elites of the Old Regime

question

Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime, not to impose the will of God?

answer

Marquis Cesare Beccaria

question

What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?

answer

They were both Jewish

question

From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?

answer

From the Ottoman Empire

question

Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert are best known for their great work: _______.

answer

The Encyclopedia

question

Which of the following philosophes argued against the abuses of imperialism?

answer

Immanuel Kant

question

Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?

answer

Ethics

question

Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?

answer

Charles de Montesquieu

question

Smith's theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called _______.

answer

The four-stage theory

question

When Immanuel Kant called his age "an age of Enlightenment" he stressed the Enlightenment as ________.

answer

A work in progress.

question

The philosophe who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was _______.

answer

Voltaire in his work: Elements of the Philosophy of Newton.

question

Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes?

answer

Commercial and professional urban classes

question

The two major points in the deist's creed were ______.

answer

The belief in an afterlife dependent upon one's earthy actions and the existence of absolute principles.

question

Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with _______.

answer

Independent branches of government

question

What was the purpose of Voltaire's interest in the execution of Jean Calas?

answer

Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform.

question

The Encyclopedia ____________.

answer

secularized learning and spread the Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe.

question

His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith _______.

answer

was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies.

question

According to Smith's four-stage theory, human societies ________.

answer

move from barbarism to civilization.

question

Adam Smith advocated _______.

answer

ending England's mercantile system

question

Which connection between work and author is accurate?

answer

Persian Letters: Montesquieu

question

Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment _______.

answer

favoured the extension of European empires across the world

question

The philosophes generally ________.

answer

were not avid feminists

question

Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional, and their subject matter usually concerned __________.

answer

public life or public morals.

question

Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made "enlightened" reforms part of their drive to _______.

answer

increase revenues and gain political support

question

The monarch that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was ________.

answer

Fredrick the Great

question

Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century, ______ was the most diverse in its people and problems.

answer

Austria

question

Joseph II of Austria _______.

answer

sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry.

question

Catherine the Great of Russia ______.

answer

built a strong alliance with the nobility.

question

The ideas of Mary Wortley Montagu differed from most contemporary European writers and thinkers because she ______.

answer

had first-hand knowledge of the Muslim world.

question

Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ________.

answer

its rational approach

question

With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?

answer

Motherhood is a women's most important occupation

question

Which statement best summarizes Rousseau's writing about the role of women in society?

answer

Rousseau's traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender roles

question

What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?

answer

It subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state in Prussia under Fredrick the Great

question

How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe?

answer

Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform.

question

After 1688, which of these remained oppressed in Britain?

answer

Unitarians and Roman Catholics

question

Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian ________.

answer

Institutions

question

Smith's four-stage theory placed European culture _______.

answer

At a summit of human achievement

question

Fredrick the Great's religious toleration can be seen as ________.

answer

based on practical politics

question

Catherine the Great' reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?

answer

the need to placate the nobility.

The Age of Enlightenment: AP EURO – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards