History Monasticism in western medieval europe – Flashcards
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How Monasticism developed
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Developed: when saint anthony chose to give up his wordly routine in order to embrace Christ's example as fully as possible, which later in the 4th centry made growing numbers of men and women embarking on the course that he charted
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Monasticism
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Way of life imposed rigors and privations but offered spiritual purpose and a better hope of salvation. In Western Europe it exercised a powerful influence on society, culture, and art and was one of medieval Christianity's most vigorous institutions.
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Concept of what is essential to Christian tradition of monasticism
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The concept of withdrawal from society.
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What does monasticism stand for?
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Derived from the Greek work Monachos, which means solitary person
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Saint Anthony
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Led a convential Christian life until one day he went to church and reflected there about the Apostles. This caused him to chose to give up his wordlu routine.
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Future monks in eastern mediterrian
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Withdrew into the Egyptian desert depriving themselves of food and water as part of their effort to withstand the devils temptations.
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Future monks living along Nile river
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Pioneered an irresistible alternative in cenobitic monasticism, that is retreat into a community of like-minded ascetics committed to daily regimens of work and prayer
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Western Europe monks
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Monks and nuns lived far from cities because they Seeked lives of devotion-an act of prayer or private worship and self denial in fortfiied locations.
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Monks and nuns performed
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Housed travelers, nursed the sick, and assisted the poor; abbots and abbesses dispensed advice to secular rulers.
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Classics
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of ( Cicero, Virgil, Ovid, and Aristotle)
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Liturgy
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Celebration where monastic composers enriched the scope and sophistication of choral music and to create the best environment for devotion they developed a close partnership with the visual arts. = religious worship
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Charlemagne
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King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning
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Benedict of Nursia
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Remarkable exception from codified rules, it is summarized from the Latin and means Pray and Work, for it enumeratesthe essential obligations of monastic life emphasizing manual labor, daily reading, and above all communal prayer "the work of god"
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Divine Office
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8 times a day the monastic community is to meet in church for a liturgy, drawn primarily from the Psalter, the collection of poetic songs traditionally ascribed to the biblical king David.
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Launage spoken
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Latin and the office was chanted or sung sometimes very elaborately. Music varied with the seasons and feasts of the liturgical year articulating sacred time through the community
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Monastic communities shaped the development of the arts by their patronage
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Support given by a patron, but also shaped by their creativity and inventiveness as innovations tried in one moss terry often spread to other house.
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Monasticism was a challenge for whom?
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For builders, for there was always a conviction that monastic life would flourish best in surroundings most conducive to it
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The ninth century plan
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Preserved at the abbey of Saint fall in Switzerland and depicts an ideal meant to inspire both emulation And devotion. Each monastery had at its heart at a church of adequate size to hold the whole community.
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Pilgrims
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Lay worshippers
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Monastic Churches
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Constructed of stone, monastic churches only for resident nuns or monks but also some visiting pilgrims or lay worshippers. Some spaces were reserved for special functions such as the refectory, dormitory, chapter House, and cloister. Columns, arcades, arched portals in these special functions structures created architectural rhythms.
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Refectory
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Monks and nuns assembled for meals
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Chapter house
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Where the monks held daily meetings
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Cloister
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An enclosed garden surrounded by covered walkways
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Style of monastery's buildings
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The varied based on traditions. The Benedictine abbey at clung has a church with exterior towers and rich interior. Decorated with sacred objects, depictions of rulers and donors, animals, and humorous or lascivious figures
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Who was Bernard of Clairvaux?
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Principal founder of the Cistercian order, he though that decoration was distracting, costly, and improper. Because of this Cistercian insisted on simple buildings with geometric proportions
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Liturgy
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The public worship and communal worship of the church
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What did monasteries require for everyday use in the liturgy?
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Books, they had liturgical texts, books of the Bible, etc
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What did every Benedictine house need?
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A copy of the rule that governed them, force of standard liturgy by Dominican order
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What and how did monks and nuns make these books?
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Prepared parchment, mixed inks, copied texts by hand, paint images,
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What was invented by medieval monks?
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Musical notation
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What were some of the donations in monasteries?
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Offered lands and fortunes or new houses and some people offered gifts in hope that some monks or nuns would pray for their salvation
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How did rulers and aristocrats demonstrate their Christian ideals?
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Presenting monastic communities with lavish gifts such as costly manuscripts, reliquaries, sculptures, liturgical pbjects
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Reliquaries
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Container for holy relics
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Mendicant order
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Committed to owning nothing, meaning to beg and ministries to laity by preaching and caring for sick and poor
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What did saint Clare do that was so significant?
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He founded an order of nuns and won them the right to refuse all possessions
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What are some of the mendicant themes?
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Scenes from lives of saint Francis and saint Clare in embroidery made for monks
