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What is not true about the time and duration of prayer?

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It is fixed each year by the time and duration of prayers in Mecca

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All of the following are true about the Islamic calendar except

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It is a solar calendar

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The qibla can be found by

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Using a great circle joining any location in the world and Mecca

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All of the following are true about the Hilal except:

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It is easy to spot in the clear skies of the Middle East

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When light enters the atmosphere, the angle at which it travels changes. This occurs because the light is ______. Because of this, if the Sun is seen near the horizon, it will actually be_____.

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refracted, lower than it appears

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The Metonic cycle is the

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19-year period over which the lunar phases occur on about the same dates

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The main difference between as astrolabe and an equatorium is that

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The astrolabe can be used to calculate the yearly motion of the stars while the equatorium focuses on planetary position over many years

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The main contribution of Islamic astronomy was

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Improving the accuracy over Greek observations by using larger instruments

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The Alfonsine Table was

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A table of calculated planetary positions using the method of Ptolemy

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The problem with Ptolemy's model of the Moon's orbit, namely that its distance would vary by a factor of two contrary to the observations of its angular size was improved by

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Al-Shatir

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The Middle Ages marks a period between

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The fall of Rome and the fall of Constantinople

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The real significance of Copernicus's book De Revolutionibus was that it

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Reintroduced the idea of a heliocentric universe and presented arguments for it

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Which of the following is not one of the three new aspects on astronomy introduced by Copernicus?

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The introduction of a mathematical method to calculate the absolute distance to the planets

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The Nuptials of Philology and Mercury

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Outlines the seven Liberal Arts

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The "Easter Problem" in Christendom was

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Determining the date of Easter from astronomical observations each year

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The person responsible for getting Copernicus to write up his researches on planetary models was

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Rheticus

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The first planetary tables that were based on Copernicus' heliocentric models were Erasmus Reinhold's

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Prutenic Tables

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The controversial book of this famous person published in 1543, suggested that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun

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Copernicus

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The date of Easter in the Julian calendar was calculated by

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Using a 532 year cycle that combines 19 year and 28 years

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Which of the following is NOT one the "seven Liberal Arts"

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History

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The accurate measurements of the Earth circumference using trigonometry and a mountain overlooking a true horizon was made by

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Biruni

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The Tusi couple is

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a way to describe linear motion by using a circle rolling inside the circumference of another circle with twice the radius

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The introduction of sines into trigonometry in place of chords and derivation of a rigorous formula for a spherical triangle were achievements of

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al-Battani

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The following is not an use for astronomy in the Islamic world

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explaining the origin of the world

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Charlomagne was responsible for all of the following except

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Translation of the Almagest

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The person responsible for completely reconciling the doctrine of the Catholic Church with Aristotle was

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Thomas Aquinas

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All of the following influenced the revival of astronomy in Europe except

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The discovery of Greek writings hidden in caves outside Rome

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The concept of impetus was introduced by medieval professors Buridan and Oresme to explain

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Forced motion as opposed to natural vertical motion in Aristotle's philosophy

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The so-called Maragha School of planetary theory was established at the observatory of that name by

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al-Tusi

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The major observatory of the Islamic period which was lavishly equipped with instruments and had a large staff but only lasted a few years because its astrology failed?

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Istanbul

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Which of the following statements about astrology during the Islamic period is true?

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It was acceptable as a part of medical practice

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The creation of new techniques to determine the qibla, even including atmospheric refraction was by

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Ibn-Yunus

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The term in Arabic for the earliest waxing crescent Moon each month is

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hilal

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All of the following was true about Aristotle's philosophy during the Middle Ages except

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was universally accepted

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The university textbook New Theory of the Planets used in the Middle Ages was written by

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Peurbach and Regiomontanus

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When Copernicus first created his Sun-centered model of the universe, it did not lead to substantially better predictions of planetary positions than the Ptolemaic model. Why not?

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Copernicus used perfect circles for the orbits of the planets

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At universities in Europe during the Middle Ages, the most important subject was

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Theology

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What did Kepler teach in Graz?

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Mathematics

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Tycho Brahe is most famous for

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Accurate observations of planets and stars

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If a planet has a period of 8 years, according to Kepler's third law, it will have a semi-major axis of

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4 AU

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Which book did Johannes Kepler write in 1596 in defense of Copernican System?

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Mysterium Cosmographicum

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Kepler third law states that the relationship between orbital period and semimajor axis is

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P^2=a^3

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Kepler presented his second and first (in that order) laws of motion in the following book

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Nova Astronomia

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What did Johannes Kepler discover

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Laws of Planetary Motions

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Tycho Brahe used the following observation to disprove for the first time, Aristotle's doctrine that nothing ever changes in the superlunary region

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the new star of 1572

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According to Kepler's first law, all orbits of planets are

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Ellipses

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The planetary tables that used Tycho's data and Kepler's Laws of planetary motions were

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Rudolphine Tables

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The first model to accurately predict the position of the planets was created by

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Ptolemy

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Which of the following features of Ptolemy's epicyclic models was the one that was most objected to by others?

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the equant

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Hipparchus

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placed the brightest stars in the first magnitude and the faintest in the sixth

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Magnitudes

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Describe apparent brightness

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