Psych ch 9 Flashcards
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Before the conditioned response
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in classical Conditioning the best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented
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Generalization
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a subject responding to a second stimulus similar to the original CS is an example of
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Punishment
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An unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the response that is produced is called
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Response patterns
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To play basketball several response chains are organized into
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Operant conditioning
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Learning from the consequences of behavior is called
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Discrimination
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A child saying daddy only to his father is an example of
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an automatic response
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In classical conditioning the unconditioned stimulus it elicts
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Secondary reinforcer
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In human society money serves as a
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Learned helplessness
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Individuals who believe that no matter what they do their actions make no difference are exhibiting
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Observational
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And individual watches a friend send an email message when the individual is later able to send an email message the type of learning exhibited is
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Watson
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The psychologist Blank demonstrated conditioning on a human infant
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Decreases
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in negative reinforcement removal of unpleasant consequences blank the frequency of a behavior that preceded the removal
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Response chain
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Previously learned responses are put together in a
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Token economy
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Receiving points that can be cashed in for prizes is in example of a blank system of learning
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Increases
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a partial schedule of reinforcement blank the likelihood that the desired responses will be more stable and long-lasting
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Escape conditioning
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a child cries uncontrollably when the lights are turned out the parent begins to leave the light on until the child is falling asleep this is an example of
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Tolman
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The psychologist blank reasoned that learning involved mental process as well as mechanical process
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Martin Seligman
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The psychologist blank identified that stability globality and internality are the important elements of learned helplessness
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Operant
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BF Skinner is the psychologist most closely associated with blank conditioning
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Fixed interval
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On a blank schedule reinforcement is available at predetermined times
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Generalization
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a dog who assists a hearing-impaired person is trained to react to the telephone ringing if the dog also reacts to the tone of the persons microwave dog is exhibiting
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Variable ratio
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on a blank schedule reinforcement occurs after a random number of responses
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Classical
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Principles of blank conditioning are very useful in helping people overcome fears
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Behavioral contract
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After a behavioral problem is identified a blank is set up to identify a reinforcer that is dependent upon the completion of a less desirable but necessary task
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Fixed ratio
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On a blank schedule reinforcement occurs after a specified quantity of responses
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Shaping
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The reinforcement process used to train an animal to do something it has never done before and would never do on it's own is known as
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Learning
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Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience are known as
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acquisition
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Blank of a classically conditioned response generally occurs gradually
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Spontaneous recovery
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After extinction occurs blank may occur but it will not return the conditioned response back to its original strength
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Operant conditioning
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In the study of blank researchers seek to discover how voluntary behaviors are affected by their consequences
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Partial schedule
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In order for the responses to be long-lasting once they been learned a blank of reinforcement is better
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Aversive
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Using blank stimuli to change behavior may result in unwanted side effects such as rage or aggression
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Observational learning
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The type of modeling that occurs when a person watches someone perform a task and is later able to complete the same test is known as
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disinhibition
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a type of modeling blank occurs when a person sees someone else get away with an aggressive act without any apparent consequences and later performs the same act
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Computer assisted instruction
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With blank material is broken down into simple units and the student is given positive reinforcement
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Self-control
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a blank program emphasizes people taking responsibility for setting up personal systems of rewards and punishments to shape their own thoughts and actions
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Shaping
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The process of reinforcement used to sculpt new processes from old ones
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Conditioned stimulus
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An event that after training leads to a learned response
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Variable ratio schedule
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a reinforcement schedule that results in consistently high productivity
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Spontaneous recovery
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I child falls off his bike while trying to ride down A steep ramp and cuts his chin a few days later the boy cautiously but successfully rides down the ramp later when trying the ramp again he suddenly panics his fear reaction has made a
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Conditioned stimulus
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You were frightened at a movie While a certain song was playing in the background the next week you hear the song on the radio your heart races the music has become a
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Discrimination
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Your parents ask you to pick up groceries for the family one item is peanut butter you select the brand you really like even though other brands are less expensive your selection is based on
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Cognitive learning
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a study of learning in which the focus is on how information is obtained processed and organized
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Modeling and cognitive learning
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Two types of social learning are
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Stability
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a belief that helplessness will be permanent is called
