question

Contrapposto pose

answer

fully realized human form usually leans on heavy on one leg, used in many pieces such as The Tribute Money, and David statues

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Foreshortening

answer

technique used to suggest that forms are sharply receding. In addition, the strong diagonal of the landscape, which extends from beneath the sacrificial altar and rises up into a large rocky outcrop behind the other figures, create a more vivid sense of real space that Brunelleschi's scene. used in Brunelleschi's Sacrifice of Isaac

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Humanism

answer

a focus on human beings, political action being one of the most important. This brand of civic humanism reached its apex in florence where, in response to the aggressive expansion of Milan, a patriotic exaltation lf liberty and a republican form of government developed through the citizenrys understanding that each citizen was responsible for every other citizen and participated in public life for the common good

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Lantern

answer

designed to cover the oculus, reveals Brunelleschi classical borrowing, for it adopts, perfectly, the Corinthian order

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Linear/one-point perspective

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drawing means that the drawing has a single vanishing point, usually (though not necessarily) directly opposite the viewer's eye and usually (though not necessarily) on the horizon line. made popular by Brunelleschi

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Pilaster

answer

a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.

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Putti

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a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually nude and sometimes winged.

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Renaissance

answer

rebirth

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Renaissance Man

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a person with many talents or areas of knowledge.

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Sfumato

answer

technique that fuses the subject with the landscape behind the subjects by means of light. its hazy effects, which create a half walking dreamlike quality reminiscent of dusk, could only be achieved by building up color with many layers of transparent oil paint

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Sprezzatura

answer

means "undervaluing" or " setting a small price" on something

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Vanishing point

answer

Is directly opposite of the eye of the beholder

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Ablerti

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Perspective diagram

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Botticelli

answer

painted Primavera

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Brunelleschi

answer

Made a sacrifice of Isaac differed by having the angle grab the knife

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Castiglione

answer

Wrote the book of Couriter

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Cosimo de medici

answer

a banker to the papacy, secured florence domination over rival Siena

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Donatello

answer

created the statues Saint Mark, David ( was the first life size freestanding nude sculpture since antiquity

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Ghiberti

answer

created a sacrifice of Isaac but was not as graphic as Brunelleschi, Gates of Paradise, The Story of Adam and Eve, Meeting of Solomon and Sheba

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Leonardo da Vinci

answer

First arrived in Milan in 1482 as the emissary of Lorenzo de Medici to present a sliver lyes to Ludovico Sforza

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Leonardo da Vinci paintings

answer

Embryo in the womb, Last Supper, Cecelia Gallerani, Mona Lisa

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Lorenzo the Magnificent

answer

Cosmios grandson who later guided the familys fortunes

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Ludovico Sforza

answer

painted Trinity with the Virgin, Saint John the Evangelist, and Donors, The Tribute Money

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The Book of the Courtier

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wrote by Baldassare Castiglione. takes form of a dialogue in which the eloquent courtiers at Urbino compete with each other to describe the perfect courtier

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Apse

answer

A large rectangular building with a round extension

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Basilica

answer

A type of ancient roman building with a long central nave, double side aisles set off by colonnades (old Saint Peters)

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Ignudi

answer

nude youths who sit at the four corners of alternate central panels

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Oil painting

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technique that uses oil in many thin layers, light penetrates the layers and is reflected, creating a kind of luminosity , the sensation that the painting itself generating light

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Pendentives

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concave triangular sections that form a transition between a rectilinear and a dome shape

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Sibyl

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a woman in ancient times supposed to utter the oracles and prophecies of a god. literary a woman able to foretell the future.

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Spandrel

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The wall areas between the arches of an arcade

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Transept

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A transverse aisle

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Altar

answer

piece of a christian church that is deeply symbolic, representing both the table of Jesus' Last Supper and the tombs of christ and the saints

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Altarpiece

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a painted and or carved construction placed behind the altar so as to appear visually jointed to it

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Cartoon

answer

full scale drawing

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Conversation Piece

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a work designed to invite discussion of its meaning

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Diptych/triptych

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two or three paneled, hinged paintings designed to fold around and seemingly embrace the altar

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Polyptych

answer

a multi-paneled construction also painted on both sides

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Loom

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an apparatus for making fabric by weaving yarn or thread.

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Tapestry

answer

heavy handwoven textiles with decorative designs usually depicting historical or current scenes hung from metal hooks on the wall and were used to help warm the rooms in the cold

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Warp

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holds tension supporting threads

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Weft

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striking threads

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Bosch

answer

painted Carrying of the Cross, Garden of Earthly Delights

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Durer

answer

painted The Large Turf and drew Drafts Drawing a Reclining Nude

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Diet of Worms

answer

a city on the Rhine in southwest Germany

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Hatching

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Closely spaced parallel lines

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Cross-Hatching

answer

two or more sets of parallel lines set at an angle to one another

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Iconoclasm

answer

the practice of destroying religious images

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Idolatry

answer

worship of idols

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Indulgences

answer

remissions of penalties to be suffered in purgatory

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Movable type

answer

invented in 1045 ce now for the first time the technology was available in the west, and identical copies of written works could be reproduced over and over again

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Predestination

answer

the idea that people are elected by god to salvation prior to coming into the world , and that anyone so elected self evidently lives in a way that pleases god

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Cycle painting

answer

a series of paintings on a secular theme such as the five senses, the months of the year, or the four seasons

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Satire

answer

a literary genre designed to convey the contradictions between real and ideal situations

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Still life painting

answer

the religious sentiments of the reformation have found a new voice

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Aertsen

answer

painted The Meat Stall

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Altdorfer

answer

painted Danube Landscape

question

Erasmus

answer

impressed luther with his attack on Pope Julius II

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Fredrick the Wise

answer

the founder and patron of the University of Wittenberg

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Johannes Gutenberg

answer

published the gutterberg bible also known as the 42 line bible

question

Johannes Tetzel

answer

dominican monk notorious as a traveling seller of indulgences. hired by archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Pope Leo X to raise money to cover archbishops debts and to fund Leos rebuilding of Saint Peters in Rome.

question

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

answer

painted Harvesters, and The Triumph of Death

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Forty- two line bible

answer

first substantial book to be published from moveable type in Europe

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In Praise of Folly

answer

helped to secure Erasmus reputation as the preeminent humanist in Europe and was his most influential work

question

95 theses

answer

written by Luther which was the terms of his protest against the practices of the Catholic church

question

Dissolution act of 1536

answer

Break between Church of England and Roman Catholic Church

question

Elizabethan Stage England

answer

rise of drama as a popular art form

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Shakespearean sonnet

answer

little songs in 14 lines

question

Groundlings

answer

Peasants; The lower class in Shakespeare's time who paid a penny to see a play

question

Iambic pentameter

answer

Consists of ten syllables with five stressed beats, short/long, short/long, etc

question

Spanish Armada

answer

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

question

Tudor Dynasty

answer

Began by Henry VII after the War of Roses, the Tudor Dynasty began in 1485. As with the other New Monarchs, Henry VII centralized authority.

question

Anne Boleyn

answer

henrys wife he divorces Katharine

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Catherine of Aragono

answer

King Henry VII first wife

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Edward VI

answer

son of King Henry VII and jane seymour

question

Elizabeth I

answer

Daughter of Anne Boleyn and King Henry VII and ruled England

question

Hans Holbein the Younger

answer

German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings.

question

Jane Seymour

answer

third wife of King Henry VII died during childbirth

question

Mary I

answer

"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them.

question

William Shakespeare

answer

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

question

Thames River

answer

This largest river in England runs through London and empties into the North Sea.

question

Conversos

answer

Converted Jews in Spain. They were one of the targets of the Inquisition, in 1492, the Jews were exiled and their properties were seized.

question

Council of Trent

answer

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

question

Mannerism

answer

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

question

Moriscos

answer

light skinned mulatto (spanish black)

question

Spanish Inquisition

answer

Used as a tool to expel or convert all non christian spaniards

question

Bronzino

answer

painted Allegory with Venus and Cupid

question

Correggio

answer

painted Jupiter an lo

question

Miguel de Cervantes

answer

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

question

Parmigianino

answer

painted The Madonna with the Long Neck

question

Pope Paul III

answer

This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent

question

Don Quixote

answer

the creation of novelist, poet, and playwright Miguel de Cervantes who himself was a hero in the army of Philip II at the Battle of Lepanto in 1596 often considered the first great modern novel

question

Why were people eager to buy the indulgences that were financing the St. Peter's rebuilding project?

answer

They wanted to shorten their stay in purgatory

question

In his Pietà, why does Michelangelo present Mary as young and beautiful instead of middle-aged?

answer

To make her a timeless image of purity and chastity

question

Why did Bramante incorporate the Vitruvian circle inscribed with a square into his church designs?

answer

To symbolize the perfection of God

question

Why did Michelangelo place The Drunkenness of Noah as the first scene viewers see upon entering the Sistine Chapel?

answer

It was intended to remind them of their own frailty

question

What musical interval corresponds with Vitruvius's theory of proportion?

answer

The octave

question

As inspiration for The Prince, who/what did Niccolò Machiavelli study?

answer

Roman rulers and citizens

question

Which pope commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling?

answer

Julius II

question

In the School of Athens, Raphael represents Plato pointing upward to signify the location of what?

answer

The realm of ideal forms

question

In the School of Athens, why does Aristotle direct his palm downward?

answer

To indicate that knowledge comes from study of the natural world

question

When the papacy returned to Rome in 1420, the popes restored the city in an effort to do what?

answer

Awe and inspire visitors with its extraordinary sights

question

Palladio modeled the Villa Rotunda upon which classical work of architecture?

answer

The Pantheon

question

Why did early Venetians abandon the mainland for the swampy lagoon islands?

answer

To flee the invading Lombards from the north

question

What was the role of most women in Renaissance Italy?

answer

Manage domestic affairs

question

In Renaissance Italy, the education of women was, to some degree, necessitated by what?

answer

The rise of the merchant class

question

What architectural style did Renaissance Venetians prefer?

answer

Gothic style

question

In The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, Lucretia Marinella claims that men who denigrate women are motivated by what?

answer

Anger and envy

question

Why did the Venetians consider themselves blessed by Saint Mark?

answer

His relics resided in Venice's cathedral

question

Why did Venetian artists begin favoring oil paint over tempera?

answer

It gave their work more luminosity and realistic details

question

The Ca' d'Oro in Venice differs from the Medici palace in Florence in that it prioritizes what?

answer

The celebration of personal wealth and social status

question

Heinrich Krämer's Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches) set forth the attitude that women were what?

answer

Cunning and deceitful

question

The frontal pose, bearded face, and intense gaze of Dürer's Self-Portrait at 28 recall what?

answer

The traditional images of Christ

question

In her Heptameron, Marguerite de Navarre expresses Northern pessimism and doubt about what?

answer

The Church

question

Why did Flemish painters favor oil paint over other mediums?

answer

Its ability to be painted in layers that reflected light

question

What is significant about the abundant symbolic elements in Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait?

answer

they are religious

question

What was a major advantage of tapestries being used as decorations?

answer

They were highly transportable

question

In Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece, what is distinct about the panels depicting Adam and Eve?

answer

They are the largest painted nudes since antiquity

question

In German culture, artist Albrecht Dürer represented what trend?

answer

Humanism

question

Who/what were the primary patrons of art in Northern Europe?

answer

The merchant class

question

What question does Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights seem to ask the viewers to ponder?

answer

What might the world be like if the fall had never happened

question

In his In Praise of Folly, what does Erasmus attack Church officials for doing?

answer

Selling pardons and indulges

question

Why in his later years did Martin Luther claim that the Jews were devils and blasphemers?

answer

Jews did not willingly convert in great numbers to the reformed Christianity

question

What was the first major work that Johannes Gutenberg published using his printing press?

answer

42 lined bible

question

According to Martin Luther, why could faithful people be certain of their salvation?

answer

Christ had already atoned for their sins

question

What was part of Martin Luther's outrage at the Church's "salvation for sale"?

answer

Class inequity and injustice

question

Why did Ulrich Zwingli launch his program of iconoclasm in Zurich?

answer

To protest the excesses of the Vatican

question

Into which language did Martin Luther translate the New Testament?

answer

German

question

What Classical literary genre did Erasmus revive?

answer

Satire

question

Why did Martin Luther reject the Church's doctrine that good deeds and work lead to salvation?

answer

He believed faith alone would provide salvation

question

What did John Calvin mean in his concept of "predestination"?

answer

God ordains salvation for certain people at birth

question

Match the Four Humors with their animal representations in Dürer's Adam and Eve.

answer

Correct Match Selected Match Elk Correct C. Melancholy Correct C. Melancholy Ox Correct D. Laziness Correct D. Laziness Rabbit Correct A. Sensuality Correct A. Sensuality Cat Correct B. Anger and cruelty Correct B. Anger and cruelty

question

Why did Aertsen paint the Holy Family into the background of The Meat Stall?

answer

To chide viewers for attending to the material instead of the spiritual

question

Altdorfer's Blue Danube is a celebration of what?

answer

The grandeur and awesome immensity of nature

question

Pieter Bruegel the Elder's Harvesters is an example a series of pictures called cycle paintings, which usually depict what?

answer

Secular (non-religious) themes Landscapes

question

The Harvesters celebrates the relationship between what?

answer

Nature and people

question

Even as it argues for the equality of everyone in the face of death, The Triumph of Death underscores the division between which two groups of people?

answer

The Aristocracy and the common people

question

Why did many Northern European artists turn to painting portraits and landscapes?

answer

The market for religious are was diminishing

question

How is an English sonnet typically written

answer

Iambic Pentameter

question

Why is Hamlet one of the most often performed characters and plays in the history of the English stage?

answer

Because of its openness and complexity

question

Why was portraiture so popular in Tudor England

answer

Portraits show the humanist emphasis on individualism

question

Why did Hans Holbein paint Thomas More with stubble and sagging skin?

answer

To emphasize more's tireless service to the king

question

The people who stood in the open area in front of the stage in an Elizabethan theatre were called what?

answer

Groundlings

question

Which of the following is NOT a popular theme in Shakespeare's romantic comedies?

answer

Feuding families

question

Why did Henry VIII break away from Rome and start his own Church of England?

answer

To annul his marriage to Catharine of Aragon

question

After 1588, why could Elizabeth I claim supremacy in world affairs

answer

The English naval fleet had defeated the spanish armada

question

Which Elizabethan writer used the English sonnet form so successfully that it has been given his name?

answer

William Shakespeare

question

Why did Mary I order mass executions of Protestants when she assumed the English throne in 1553?

answer

She was a devout catholic, like her mother

question

Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote is what type of story?

answer

A picaresque novel

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the new Mannerist style in painting and sculpture?

answer

Modest drapery

question

What is the overarching theme of Bronzino's Allegory with Venus and Cupid?

answer

Sensual indulgence

question

Why did the Council of Trent insist on the use of religious imagery?

answer

To move the faithful to adore and love god

question

In The Madonna with the Long Neck, why does Parmigianino paint Mary drawing away from the Christ child?

answer

She knows his tragic fate

question

Even when working in religious contexts, what was the main intent of Mannerist painters?

answer

To unsettle the viewer

question

In 1545, why did Pope Paul III call for Council of Trent

answer

To reform the Church in response to Protestantism

question

For what innovation in Don Quixote was Miguel de Cervantes acclaimed by his contemporaries?

answer

Using everyday speech in dialogue

question

In the Last Judgment, why might Michelangelo have included his self-portrait on the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew?

answer

Michelangelo felt martyred by papal commissions

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