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A theory that is assessed by measurement and testing is referred to as

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quantitative

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Qualitative theory excludes the ability to be tested

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statistically

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Classical theories do not focus on the pathology of

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criminal behavior

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The most common approach to determining a "good" theory is

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the testability and fit to the research evidence

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The textbook suggests that the proper order for solving problems of crime and criminal justice would be

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theory, research, and then policy

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Microtheories

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are not the most abstract of all theories

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Most of today's theories are

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positive ones

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The major difference between metatheory and unit theory is

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that metatheory does not discuss process and unit theory discusses structure

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The ideas which descended from the Classical School include:

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the right to bail; the right to a speedy trial; sentencing guidelines

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Members of the Classical School were generally opposed to

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capital punishment

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Showing potential offenders the negative consequences of a crime in the hope that

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it will prevent them from committing that same crime is the concept of general deterrence

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An elaborate schedule of punishments designed to take into account a combination of

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pleasure, pain and mitigating circumstances was designed by Jeremy Bentham

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Beccaria, in his essay Of Crimes and Punishments said

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that persons awaiting trial should not be placed in prisons

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The decline in the Protestant Ethic is not one of the characteristics of

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the Classical Era

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The Classical School is not a

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microtheory in its orientation

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Auguste Comte is

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the father of sociology

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All of the following are true about positivism there are two forms:

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18th Century Enlightenment and Logical Positivism; it is more deterministic than Classical thought allowed; it seeks to classify and categorize topics of crime being studied.

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Cesare Lombroso's work included

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that criminals are not as highly evolved as noncriminals.

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A contribution of Raffaele Garofalo

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was the concept of natural crime, including pity and probity.

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Lombroso designated three other types of criminals to further differentiate from his "born criminal"

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that included all of the following the insane criminal; the occasional criminal; the epileptic criminal

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Learning theory cautions that

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television has the power to result in negative modeling and imitation.

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Early positivists did not oppose the view that

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criminals were not as fully evolved as other members of western societies

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The Chicago School purported

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that behavior is shaped by social factors

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The Chicago School is associated with

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social organization; study of deviants in their own setting

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Shaw & McKay found that rates of delinquency, tuberculosis, & infant mortality

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decrease as you move away from the central business district

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W.I. Thomas developed a the

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term situation that could be used to explain how a person may receive inappropriate cues from different groups and thus be seen as deviant

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The concept of community crime careers does

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not look at the number of career offenders living in each concentric zone of the city.

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Chicago school theorists are

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consensus theorists at heart

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Sampson's research on current immigrant communities

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does not support the idea that predominantly immigrant areas have higher crime rates, particularly violent crime

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Sutherland borrowed three major theories

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[cultural transmission/symbolic interactionism/culture conflict] from the Chicago School

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Many believe that Sutherland's theory was

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heavily influenced by his upbringing, which took place in the Midwestern part of the country

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According to Sutherland, differential associations

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may vary according to intensity; priority; duration

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Sutherland viewed criminals as following

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culturally approved behavior that was disapproved by the larger society

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The primary concept in Sutherland's theory of differential association is

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an excess of definitions conducive to violation of law

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Sutherland's own views were said to be

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shaped by his early interest in prohibition; the criminalization of drug use; The Great Depression

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Differential association is not

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a positivist theory oriented toward consensus

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In Durkheim's "mechanical society,"

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people have a simple societal form

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Merton did not support

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assumptions from Sigmund Freud

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The most common of the four deviant modes of adaptation innovation

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conformity

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Anomie is the disjunction between

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cultural goals and socially approved means

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Deregulated society is

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also likely to cause higher rates of suicide

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According to anomie theory if a person rejected the goals but accepted the means, that person would be exhibiting behavior characterized as

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ritualism

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Merton's theory and differential association

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are complimentary

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Subculture theorists combined the works of

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of Merton's anomie and the Chicago School

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Gangs which cause trouble equally for criminals and non-criminals are

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known as conflict subculture

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The "Subculture of Violence" theory is

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a product of Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti

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Cohen felt strongly that

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all children sought social status

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The "Great Society" policies of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations were, at least in part,

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a product of Cloward and Ohlin's theory of differential opportunity

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Sykes and Matza argued with Cohen's idea of separate lower-class values.

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Instead they argued that you only need focal concerns

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The traits that Miller saw in the lives of lower-class youth include

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mothers engaged in serial monogamy; absence of fathers; respected character traits of toughness, autonomy, and fatalism.

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