Psychology 101 Quizzes – Copy – Flashcards
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Sally is fatigued and has trouble getting out of bed in the morning. She feels sad, and is seeking help. Dr. Pace examines Sally's life to see what could be bringing about her feelings and struggles. What type of psychologist is Dr. Pace?
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Clinical Psychologist
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What area in psychology's history is William James associated with?
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Functionalism
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Who is considered the father of psychology and when was his first lab established?
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Wundt in 1879
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When eating a raisin, you describe your experience of the raisin as "Rough, sweet, and grainy." What method are you using? (Hint: Think Wundt)
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Introspection
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Jane believes she controls her life and can achieve all her goals. Jane's beliefs match which psychology perspective?
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Humanistic
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Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA)?
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Mary Calkins
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Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their genes or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding
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nature vs. nurture
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Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's irritability toward her results from his unconscious feelings of hostility toward his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is interpreting her husband's behavior from a/an ____ perspective.
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Psychodynamic
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Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
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Behavioral
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Dr. Granger helps people cope with challenges they face at home and work by assisting them to recognize and develop their social vocational strengths. What psychological specialty does Dr. Granger's work best represent?
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Counseling Psychology
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Theories are defined as _____.
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principles that help to organize, predict, and explain facts
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Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?
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-0.12
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Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management exemplifies ______.
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a hypothesis
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Professor Ober carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in ______.
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naturalistic observation
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In the control condition of an experiment the _____.
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experimental treatment is absent
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In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ______ variable.
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independent
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Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of _____.
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the double-blind procedure
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Research participants are randomly assigned to different conditions in an experiment in order to _____.
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reduce the likelihood of any preexisting differences between the groups of participants assigned to the different conditions.
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The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to ______.
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explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed
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In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a _____.
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placebo
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Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?
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Bandura
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According to the text, learning involves:
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change in behavior due to experience
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In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a/an
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unconditioned stimulus
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Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:
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operant conditioning
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Extinction occurs when a/an _______ is no longer paired with a/an ______.
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conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
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Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:
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observational learning
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A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a/an:
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specified number of responses have been made.
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In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a/an:
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conditioned response.
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Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:
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punishment
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Positive reinforcers ______ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding.
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increase; increse
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The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as _______ parents.
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authoritarian
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Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of:
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conservation
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Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a/an ________ psychologist.
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developmental
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During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects of:
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Alzheimer's disease
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According to Erikson, trust is to ______ as identity is to ______.
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infancy; adolescence
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During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a/an:
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zygote and finally develops into a fetus
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A cross-sectional study is one in which:
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different age groups are tested at the same time
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Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the:
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cheek
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In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to:
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use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings.
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A sensitive period is a phase during which:
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certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.
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Janine is repulsed by the thought of stealing something instead of paying for the item. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's:
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superego.
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A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of:
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conscientiousness.
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According to Freud, the unconscious is:
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the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
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Carl mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Carl is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Carl's belief that his classmates are hostile is a:
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projection
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Contemporary psychologists are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that:
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conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus conflict.
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Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?
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Jung
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According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with:
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the Oedipus complex.
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Which of the following is a projective personality test?
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some inkblots and state what he sees. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the:
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Rorschach test
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Ego is to id as _____ is to _____.
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reality principle; pleasure principle
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Managers with a task-leadership style would be most likely to:
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Remind employees of the exact deadlines for the completion of work projects.
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Full and clear communication regarding Kelsey's effectiveness as a customer service manager is enhanced by the performance appraisals she periodically receives from fellow managers, subordinates, customers, and her supervisor. This best illustrates the value of:
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360-degree feedback
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Those who view their work as a necessary but personally unfulfilling way to make money are said to view work as a:
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job.
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The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are:
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alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
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Who is the best example of a Type A personality?
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Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president
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Andrea's physician has suggested that a program of relaxation training would provide the best treatment for her high blood pressure. The physician probably considers Andrea's hypertension to be a/an ______ illness.
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psychophysiological
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Stress is defined as:
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the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events.
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People tend to use emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies when they:
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believe they cannot change a stressful situation.
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Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo's coping strategy is an example of:
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emotion-focused coping.
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In the United States, which of the following is most likely to cause premature/preventable death?
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smoking
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A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held, sometime at the dawn of the 20th century. The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field (e.g., Wundt) are most likely _____, whereas the passionate young up-and-comers (e.g., James) are probably _____.
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structuralists; functionalists
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When a difference between two groups is "statistically significant," this means that:
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the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation.
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Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?
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Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.
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Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
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A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage.
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Which infant reflex is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
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Babinski reflex; an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked Correct
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As psychologists use the term, habituation means:
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decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
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Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless. Her job is routine and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the _____ stage.
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generativity-versus-stagnation
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Wishful thinking and the use of drugs exemplify the use of _____ coping.
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avoidant
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____ are minor happy moments in our lives that can lead to a decrease in stress and increase in well-being.
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Uplifts
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According to Rotter with his theory of locus of control, an individual who feels as though he/she is the victim of life's circumstances is likely to possess a _____ locus of control, and an individual who feels as though he/she can form his/her future is likely to possess a _____ locus of control.
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external; internal
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Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
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even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
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Prejudice is a/an _______; discrimination is a/an _______.
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attitude; behavior
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After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the:
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frustration-aggression principle.
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Attribution theory was designed to account for:
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how people explain others' behavior.
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Kari insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of:
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a dispositional attribution.
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Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of:
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the fundamental attribution error.
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Darley and Latane observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The student's failure to help is best explained in terms of:
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diffusion of responsibility.
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Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude is best explained by _____ theory.
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cognitive dissonance
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After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates:
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the mere exposure effect.
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After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates:
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the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
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Anthony is 32 years old, well above average in intelligence, and quite charming. He has swindled several elderly people out of their life savings, and he seems to have little feeling for his victims, nor does he fear the consequences of getting caught. His behavior is evidence of:
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antisocial personality disorder
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George Frideric Handel composed his Messiah during three weeks of intense, creative energy (similar to a manic phase). Many believe Handel suffered from a mild form of:
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bipolar disorder
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Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is:
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preventing her from functioning effectively
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A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of:
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dissociation
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The term insanity refers to:
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legal definitions
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The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients' complex symptoms is most clearly facilitated by the use of:
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diagnostic labels
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Mira claims that alcoholism is a disease that, like pneumonia or meningitis, can be cured or prevented with proper treatment. Her belief is most clearly consistent with:
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the medical perspective
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The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of:
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from a/an:
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panic attack
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Joe, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Joe is most likely suffering from:
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schizophrenia
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When Molly told her therapist about her frightening car accident, the therapist instructed her to close her eyes and verbalize any further thoughts stimulated by this experience, even if they were scary or embarrassing. The therapist was making use of a technique known as:
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free association
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Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring that person's childhood experiences?
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psychoanalyst
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Carl Rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of therapy.
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genuinely express their own true feelings
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In programs to treat alcoholism, clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. The therapist is using a technique known as:
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aversive conditioning
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In order to encourage Mrs. Coleman, a withdrawn schizophrenia patient, to be more socially active, institutional staff members give her small plastic cards whenever she talks to someone. She is allowed to exchange these cards for candy and cigarettes. Staff members are making use of:
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a token economy
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When Rubin received a well-deserved job promotion, he told his therapist it was just a lucky break. The therapist responded, "Let's work together, Rubin, on helping you see that you deserve some credit for your successes." The approach taken by the therapist is most representative of:
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cognitive therapy
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During a session with his psychoanalyst, Jamal hesitates while describing a highly embarrassing thought. In the psychoanalytic framework, this is an example of:
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resistance
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Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa's symptoms are most likely to be relieved by _____ drugs.
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antipsychotic
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Which of the following procedures is most likely to result in a loss of memory?
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electroconvulsive therapy
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Psychosurgery involves:
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removing or destroying brain tissue
