PSY 1010 Exam 3 - Flashcards

question

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize about _____ percent of the slides they had seen before. 30 50 70 90

answer

90

question

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory is MOST important? working memory long-term memory flashbulb memory echoic memory

answer

working memory

question

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their: recall. recognition. reconstruction. relearning.

answer

recall

question

Hermann Ebbinghaus's learning experiments using nonsense syllables show that: humans' recognition memory is relatively slow. individuals recall more than they can remember. overlearning decreases retention when practice is distributed over time. additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention.

answer

additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention

question

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory. visual images auditory stimuli about seven bits of information (give or take two) twelve bits of information

answer

about seven bits of information (give or take two)

question

To make a long-distance call, Jim has to dial an unfamiliar phone number. He is likely to have trouble retaining the number he just looked up. This BEST illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory. long-term implicit short-term explicit

answer

short-term

question

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage. amygdala medulla parietal lobe hippocampus

answer

hippocampus

question

Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as: flashbulb memories. sensory memories. long-term potentiation. mood congruent memories.

answer

flashbulb memories.

question

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for more than three hours! Though generally not claustrophobic, after two hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of that emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event? Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity. The hypothalamus boosts activity in the brain's memory forming areas. Leslie has a phobia about being in elevators. Long-term potentiation causes her to relive the elevator experience over and over again

answer

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

question

Which is NOT a measure of retention? recall recognition relearning retrieval

answer

retrieval

question

Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning? Participants who listened to the words on the beach did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. Participants who listened to the words underwater did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater). There was no difference between the two groups.

answer

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater)

question

The happier Judy feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be: retrieval cues. short-term memories. sensory memories. flashbulb memories.

answer

retrieval cues

question

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. retrieving processing focusing repressing

answer

repressing

question

Luca has been studying all week for his biology final exam. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within ______ before sleep will be well remembered. eight hours four hours two hours one hour

answer

one hour

question

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): decline in visual encoding. gradual fading of the physical memory trace. increase in automatic processing. decrease in source amnesia.

answer

gradual fading of the physical memory trace

question

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates: implicit memory. the spacing effect. source amnesia. mood-congruent memory

answer

source amnesia (source misattribution)

question

Six-months after a patient committed suicide, a doctor's attorney is asking if the patient called him before committing the act. The doctor responds in the negative. Three months later, opposing counsel asks him similar questions and he gives the opposite response, confusing this patient with one of his current patients. This is an example of: the self-reference effect. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. source misattribution.

answer

source misattribution (source amnesia)

question

One of Maria's new patients claims to have been molested, and discovered this after going to a hypnotherapist. Which does Maria NOT know? Hypnotized subjects incorporate suggestions into their memories. Memories recovered under hypnosis are unreliable. Incest and sexual abuse do happen. Memories recovered under medications are reliable.

answer

Memories recovered under hypnosis are unreliable

question

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory: helps people understand how memory works. explains how consciousness works. is not useful to psychologists who study normal memory. makes it apparent that it is impossible to study memory.

answer

helps people understand how memory works.

question

_____ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory. Working memory Iconic memory Automatic processing Spacing effect

answer

Working memory

question

Encoding is to _____ as storage is to _____. data printed on a page; key strokes data on a flash drive; the computer screen data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive data stored on the hard drive; data printed on a page

answer

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

question

In Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving's experiment, the deeper, _____ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques. visual acoustic semantic episodic

answer

semantic

question

Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories. implicit memory automatic processing effortful processing mood-congruent memory

answer

effortful processing

question

_____ was to the study of memory as _____ was to the study of conditioning. Hermann Ebbinghaus; Anna Freud Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov; Hermann Ebbinghaus Ivan Pavlov; Anna Freud

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov

question

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses. serotonin dopamine GABA norepinephrine

answer

serotonin

question

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it was yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why? Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. Pam experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. At the time, the level of Pam's stress hormones was greater than Susan's. There is no way to know, since stress and emotion do not influence memory.

answer

Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes

question

James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. His damage is to the right-hippocampus left-hippocampus left thalamus right thalamus

answer

left-hippocampus

question

When a person encodes a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as: iconic memories. sensory memories. retrieval cues. flashbulb memories.

answer

retrieval cues

question

A student has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as: recall. recognition. reconstruction. relearning

answer

recognition

question

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name. retrieval cues proactive interference retroactive interference implicit memory

answer

retrieval cues

question

_____ occurs when something one learns now interferes with one's ability to recall something one learned earlier. Proactive interference Retroactive interference A flashbulb memory Relearning

answer

Retroactive interference

question

_____ occurs when something people learned before interferes with their recall of something they learn later. Proactive interference Retroactive interference A flashbulb memory Relearning

answer

Proactive interference

question

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates: source amnesia. proactive interference. automatic processing. repression.

answer

repression

question

The surprising ease with which people form false memories BEST illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: implicit memory. automatic processing. long-term potentiation. memory construction.

answer

memory construction

question

This occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas. imagination inflation false memories long-term potentiation source amnesia

answer

imagination inflation

question

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experiences versus imagined memories is: imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event. real memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the event. real memories are more persistent. imagined memories are more persistent.

answer

imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event.

question

In the movie Memento, the lead character has to write everything on his body and take notes. Otherwise he quickly forgets because the injury he sustained left him without: echoic memory. long-term memory. flashbulb memory. short-term memory.

answer

short-term memory

question

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by: Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. Hermann Ebbinghaus. Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer. George Sperling.

answer

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

question

As Diana is watching television, the electricity goes out. For a few tenths of a second she is still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of: echoic memory. iconic memory. implicit memory. declarative memory.

answer

iconic memory

question

Which item will Chris most likely store as an implicit memory? a mental image of his best friend the date of his birth his conditioned fear of guns his name

answer

his conditioned fear of guns

question

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is describing: echoic memory. implicit memory. iconic memory. declarative memory.

answer

iconic memory

question

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident. This BEST illustrates _____ memory. echoic flashbulb implicit iconic

answer

flashbulb

question

_____ revealed that the reports of flashbacks were extremely rare in those patients whose brains were electrically stimulated in different cortical regions. Moreover, the flashbacks appear to have been invented, not relived. Karl Lashley Carol Gilligan Elizabeth Loftus Thomas Landauer

answer

Elizabeth Loftus

question

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the: hippocampus. cerebellum. hypothalamus. amygdala.

answer

hippocampus

question

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This known as: priming. iconic memory. echoic memory. proactive inhibition.

answer

priming

question

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using: recall. recognition. reconstruction. relearning.

answer

recognition

question

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because: it is easier for adults to learn a language. of the serial position effect. it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time. of the implicit memory effect.

answer

it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time

question

If Tony asks his classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely caused by: bias. suggestibility. encoding failure. misattribution.

answer

encoding failure

question

Which BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? a steady, slow decline in retention over time a steady, rapid decline in retention over time a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter

answer

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

question

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates: proactive interference. implicit memory. the serial position effect. the misinformation effect

answer

the misinformation effect

question

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the MAN who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates: implicit memory. proactive interference. the misinformation effect. the serial position effect.

answer

the misinformation effect

question

In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order? short-term memory, sensory memory, encoded memory sensory memory, encoded memory, long-term memory sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory

answer

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

question

This activated memory holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory immediate memory

answer

short-term memory

question

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: she is extremely bright. of the automatic processing of space. of the effortful processing of space. women are better at remembering their place in a book than are men

answer

of the automatic processing of space

question

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: amygdala. hypothalamus. sensory cortex. motor cortex

answer

amygdala

question

This psychologist referred to priming as the "wakening of associations." Sigmund Freud William James Albert Bandura Melanie Klein

answer

William James

question

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider: retrieval failure. the context in which learning occurred. retroactive interference. implicit memory.

answer

the context in which learning occurred.

question

One reason a person's memories fail is because of problems with information _____. encoding imagery long-term potentiation source amnesia

answer

encoding

question

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For example, in an experiment students are asked to repeatedly imagine breaking a toothpick. Following this, they are more likely to think they have actually broken a toothpick. This is known as: linguistic determinism. source amnesia. imagination inflation. retroactive interference.

answer

imagination inflation

question

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as: the misinformation effect. retroactive interference. long-term potentiation. source amnesia.

answer

the misinformation effect

question

Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Raoul does not realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of: encoding failure. state-dependent memory. proactive interference. memory construction.

answer

memory construction

question

Participants in a study conducted by Ralph Haber were shown more than 2500 slides of faces and places for only ten seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with other unseen slides, and they were able to recognize about ____ percent of the slides they had seen before. 20 40 60 90

answer

90

question

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system. short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory immediate memory

answer

long-term memory

question

Which is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory? priming semantic encoding proactive interference long-term potentiation

answer

long-term potentiation

question

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: his ability to remember an emotionally significant event in so much detail is unusual. he has a flashbulb memory for this event. he is describing the spotlight effect. he will completely forget all of these memories over time.

answer

he has a flashbulb memory for this event

question

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona has no recollection of the event. Her inability to remember this event is known as: source amnesia. regression. infantile amnesia. state-dependent memory.

answer

infantile amnesia

question

Even after we learn the material, _____ increases retention. unlearning overlearning underlearning sleeping

answer

overlearning

question

People use retrieval cues to access target information. Which is NOT one of the best retrieval cues? Tastes, smells, or sights that were part of the original context when the memory was encoded. Result of associations formed when the memory was encoded. Experiences or words associated with the memory. The serial position effect.

answer

The serial position effect

question

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty MOST clearly illustrates: state-dependent memory. the serial position effect. the self-reference effect. retrieval failure.

answer

retrieval failure

question

Memories before age _____ are often unreliable. six five four three

answer

three

question

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage. rehearsal automatic processing long-term potentiation the serial position effect

answer

rehearsal

question

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about: space. time. frequency. Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things

answer

Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things

question

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words. explicit; detailed implicit; explicit explicit; implied explicit; implicit

answer

explicit; implicit

question

This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as: declarative memory. explicit memory. implicit memory. long-term potentiation.

answer

long-term potentiation

question

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences. Explicit; declarative Implicit; explicit Implicit; procedural Explicit; procedural

answer

Implicit; explicit

question

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy which will affect his _____ memory. long-term implicit short-term explicit

answer

short-term

question

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their brain's cortex. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that: memories are not located in a single, specific location in the brain. rats learn differently than humans do. rats' brains are more plastic than are human brains. long-term potentiation does not occur in rats.

answer

memories are not located in a single, specific location in the brain

question

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of: automatic processing. implicit memory. iconic memory. priming.

answer

priming

question

Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as: encoding is to storage. storage is to encoding. recognition is to recall. recall is to recognition.

answer

recall is to recognition

question

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates: the spacing effect. proactive interference. source amnesia. retroactive interference

answer

proactive interference

question

According to psychologists, memory refers to the: persistence of learning over time. storage of information. retrieval of information. According to psychologists, memory refers to all of these things

answer

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of these things

question

The three steps in memory information processing are: input, processing, output. input, storage, output. input, storage, retrieval. encoding, storage, retrieval

answer

encoding, storage, retrieval

question

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This BEST illustrates the advantage of: the "peg-word" system. the spacing effect. deep processing. implicit memory.

answer

deep processing

question

*Kent's girlfriend is talking to Mimi, and Mimi asks her to repeat what she just said. Before she does so, Mimi responds with an answer of "Yes." This is likely caused by: echoic memory. iconic memory. declarative memory. implicit memory.

answer

echoic memory

question

One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that a person once learned but has since forgotten. priming relearning proactive interference retroactive interference

answer

relearning

question

In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates: repression. retroactive interference. anterograde amnesia. source amnesia.

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as: source amnesia. infantile amnesia. blocking. mood-congruent memory.

answer

source amnesia

question

A person's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as: the serial position effect. the spacing effect. the semantic effect. the next-in-line effect.

answer

the serial position effect

question

Perceptual illusions are to _____ as false memories are to _____. real perceptions; real memories Gestalt psychologists; behaviorists source misattribution; source amnesia hypnosis; age regression

answer

real perceptions; real memories

question

Ray is trying to determine if his eight-year-old daughter is telling the truth about an incident that happened when she was four years old. She claims that someone stole her doll and then ran over it with a car. However, her descriptions of the event are rather vague. What is the likelihood that she is remembering a real event? Because her memory of the event has persisted, it is likely a REAL memory. Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a REAL memory. Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a FALSE memory. Children cannot remember things that happened before age 5, so it is likely a FALSE memory.

answer

Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a FALSE memory

question

Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were examined. 40 55 70 85

answer

55

question

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is _____. permanent fleeting brief implicit

answer

permanent

question

Which of the following helps to retain information for a lifetime? Massed study Cramming Distributed practice Shallow processing

answer

Distributed practice

question

Strange as it may seem, Ted has run into the same co-worker four times today in four different locations. Ted gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. Ted's ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to him is known as: the automatic processing. the next-in-line effect. the serial position effect. the sensory memory.

answer

the automatic processing

question

From sensory memory, individuals process information into short-term memory, where they encode it through _____. retrieval retention rehearsal repression

answer

rehearsal

question

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He probably has damaged his: right-hippocampus. left-hippocampus. left thalamus. right thalamus.

answer

right-hippocampus

question

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the BEST thing for Rashad to do at this point is to: go directly to sleep. watch an exciting documentary on a different topic. stay awake for as long as possible. study for his French test.

answer

go directly to sleep

question

This psychologist said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing." Sigmund Freud William James Elizabeth Loftus Melanie Klein

answer

William James

question

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of: recall. recognition. relearning. retrieval.

answer

recall

question

People's memory of facts and experiences that they consciously know and can easily recite is known as: declarative memory. explicit memory. implicit memory. long-term potentiation.

answer

explicit memory

question

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to: regression. encoding failure. retrieval failure. sensory memory failure.

answer

retrieval failure

question

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: are stored as exact copies of experience. reflect a person's biases and assumptions. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. even if long-term, usually decay within about five years.

answer

reflect a person's biases and assumptions

question

The retention of encoded information over time is called: encoding. retrieval. rehearsal. storage.

answer

storage

question

People hear a familiar word in their native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of: flashbulb memory. automatic processing. iconic memory. the spacing effect.

answer

automatic processing

question

Harry Bahrick and his family found that the longer the space between practice sessions, the better their retention of the foreign language word translations, up to _____ years later. three five seven nine

answer

five

question

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked "Have I met you before?" She replied no and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of: automatic processing. implicit memory. iconic memory. déjà vu.

answer

déjà vu

question

Ralph came home quite drunk from the party on Saturday night. Luckily, he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of: source amnesia. the misinformation effect. state-dependent memory. a repressed memory.

answer

state-dependent memory

question

When people recall an imagined event as something that they directly experienced, or something that really happened to them, people are BEST illustrating: the self-reference effect. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. source misattribution.

answer

source misattribution

question

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow the plot of her favorite television show. Millie is having difficulty with her: short-term memory. long-term memory. flashbulb memory. echoic memory.

answer

short-term memory

question

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of: the method of loci. the serial position effect. hierarchical organization. implicit memory.

answer

hierarchical organization

question

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates: repression. mood-congruent memory. retroactive interference. the misinformation effect

answer

mood-congruent memory

question

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Solomon Shereshevskii could remember up to _____ digits or words. 90 70 50 30

answer

70

question

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in: short-term memory and long-term memory. proactive interference and retroactive interference. explicit memory and implicit memory. recognition and recall.

answer

explicit memory and implicit memory

question

People suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as: retroactive interference. mood-congruent memory. state-dependent learning. serial position effect.

answer

mood-congruent memory

question

It is common to recognize a person but to have no idea where we met him. Or, people may HEAR something but later recall instead that they SAW it. This type of misattribution is known as: source amnesia. persistence. priming. transience.

answer

source amnesia

question

People _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, they encode the place on a page where certain material appears. automatically process forget mirror use echoic memory to encode

answer

automatically process

question

Which statement is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory? Burke suddenly remembers to buy bread while standing in the grocery store checkout line. Burke recalls the name of a high school colleague while looking at the colleague's yearbook snapshot. Burke remembers to make an important phone call. Burke remembers exactly what he was doing when he heard about the attacks on the United States in September 2001.

answer

Burke remembers exactly what he was doing when he heard about the attacks on the United States in September 2001

question

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of: blocking. imagination inflation. transience. persistence.

answer

imagination inflation

question

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the: the serial position effect. the spacing effect. the semantic effect. the next-in-line effect.

answer

the spacing effect

question

When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as: proactive interference. retroactive interference. state-dependent memory. long-term potentiation.

answer

state-dependent memory

question

A guest will be spending time in a teacher's classroom. To make sure the students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, the teacher should pick a guest who: the children think is different from them. the children think is similar to them. the children think is kind of average but works hard. the children think is boring.

answer

the children think is similar to them.

question

Youri had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room began to make him nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is: the conditioned response (CR). the unconditioned stimulus (US). the neutral stimulus (NS). the unconditioned response (UR).

answer

the conditioned response (CR).

question

_____ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. Neutral reinforcement Moderate reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

Which statement is evidence for the environmental (as opposed to genetic) transmission of aggression? Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. Monkeys who were reared with their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. Monkey siblings that were reared apart from their mothers showed greater aggression as adults. Monkey siblings that were reared with their mothers showed greater aggression as adults

answer

Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults.

question

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as _____ is to _____. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer operant conditioning; classical conditioning partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforce

answer

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforce

question

It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched television for the equivalent of about _____ years. 3 6 9 12

answer

9

question

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

answer

fixed-ratio

question

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates: discrimination. generalization. operant conditioning. an unconditioned response (UR).

answer

generalization.

question

Kennedy had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is: the conditioned response (CR). the conditioned stimulus (CS). the neutral stimulus (NS). the unconditioned response (UR).

answer

the conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior. spontaneous recovery primary reinforcers cognitive processes negative reinforcers

answer

cognitive processes

question

Although B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. Children learn from observing their parents and exhibit the learning immediately. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence.

answer

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

question

George received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a rewards program. He reads on to find that the one dollar for every mile spent may not be such a great offer after all because he only receives a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.* fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

answer

fixed-ratio

question

Infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television. 16 14 12 10

answer

14

question

Nicole's parents are often She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite. in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior? She would act politely and talk about the importance of being polite. She would act rudely and talk about how being polite is not important. She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite. She would not be influenced by her parents' words or behaviors.

answer

She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

question

If people have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, their fear may occur when they hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates: the law of effect. classical conditioning. spontaneous recovery. generalization.

answer

classical conditioning

question

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what is known about observational learning, which action would one recommend to her? Tina should play her own musical instrument. Tina should send her children to music camp. Tina should encourage her children to go to concerts. Tina should do all of these to foster musical enjoyment in her children.

answer

Tina should do all of these to foster musical enjoyment in her children.

question

This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. spontaneous recovery acquisition generalization negative conditioning

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

In the United States and Canada, _____ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of television. homicide literacy graduation pregnancy

answer

homicide

question

Jonny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is an example of: modeling. classical learning. observational conditioning. reinforced learning.

answer

modeling

question

_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas, _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Operant; respondent Uncontrollable; controllable Involuntary; voluntary Respondent; operant

answer

Operant; respondent

question

Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This BEST illustrates the value of: erratic behavior. positive reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. negative reinforcement.

answer

negative reinforcement

question

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? mirror neuron motor neuron sensory neuron interneuron

answer

mirror neuron

question

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR) neutral stimulus (NS) conditioned stimulus (CS)

answer

unconditioned response (UR)

question

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is MOST likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective. Pavlovian behaviorist cognitive neuroscientific

answer

cognitive

question

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette? He realizes his nausea is caused by the drug, not simply the cigarette. The nausea does NOT immediately follow his inhalation of the smoke. Reinforcement does not work as well as punishment. He is afraid of the side effects of the drug.

answer

He realizes his nausea is caused by the drug, not simply the cigarette.

question

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of: cognitive maps. spontaneous recovery. mirror neurons. the law of effect.

answer

mirror neurons.

question

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness BEST illustrates: latent learning. spontaneous recovery. delayed reinforcement. shaping.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of: positive punishment. negative reinforcer. conditioned reinforcer. negative punishment.

answer

negative punishment

question

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates: latent learning. generalization. operant conditioning. an unconditioned response (UR).

answer

generalization.

question

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates: spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. latent learning. operant conditioning.

answer

operant conditioning

question

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by: Ivan Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. John Garcia and Robert Koelling's research on taste aversion. B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

answer

B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

question

Correlational evidence suggests that there is a link between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behavior. However, it is possible that the television viewing is not causing the violence. Which alternative hypothesis might explain the correlations? To learn to be more aggressive with their peers, passive children often would rather watch violent shows than nonviolent shows. Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching. Society has become more passive as television programs have become more aggressive. There is no way to measure the effect of television violence on aggression.

answer

Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching.

question

Jenni has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed for her job. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes into work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of: erratic behavior. positive reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. negative reinforcement

answer

positive reinforcement

question

In 1920, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats.

answer

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

question

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS).

answer

conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

According to operant conditioning principles, which action would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? When the girl cooperates by getting into the car in the morning, her parents should reward her. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs.

answer

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

question

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for _____. frontal lobe; observational learning frontal lobe; classical conditioning temporal lobe; operant conditioning temporal lobe; observational learning

answer

frontal lobe; observational learning

question

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it was first enunciated by this psychologist. Ivan Pavlov Rosalie Rayner B. F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike

answer

Edward L. Thorndike

question

Which of these is NOT one of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology? his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments principles of learning apply across species significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods

answer

his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments

question

A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior is similar to findings in studies conducted by: Albert Bandura. Leta Hollingworth. Rosalie Rayner. Edward Thorndike.

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Researchers are conducting a research study with 24 men on the relationship between movies and sexual violence. They will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. The researchers find that: the men expressed more sympathy for the rape victims. the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims. the men became more empathic toward the rape victims. the men became bothered by the violent acts according to physiological readings, but they did not express this verbally.

answer

the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.

question

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position? Spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior but simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place. Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving. Spanking can create fear in children. Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior.

answer

Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior.

question

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

answer

fixed-interval

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____. negative reinforcer; operant behavior secondary reinforcer; operant behavior stimulus-response pair; conditioned stimulus (CS) unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned stimulus (CS)

answer

unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

Although B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. Children learn from observing their parents and exhibit the learning immediately. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence.

answer

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes

question

Khalid had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. He had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, he had to take his mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment, and he became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. His nausea BEST illustrates: spontaneous recovery. delayed reinforcement. shaping. latent learning.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: something observed and its consequences. a neutral stimulus and a reward. two stimuli. a response and its consequences.

answer

two stimuli

question

Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _____ viewers when later viewing other violent acts on television. sensitizes desensitizes confuses saddens

answer

desensitizes

question

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste.

answer

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

question

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____. secondary; B. F. Skinner observational; Albert Bandura secondary; Ivan Pavlov observational; Rosalie Rayner

answer

observational; Albert Bandura

question

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which process does NOT apply to both types of learning? involuntary responses to stimuli extinction associative learning discrimination

answer

involuntary responses to stimuli

question

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior. shape; change discourage; encourage decrease; increase increase; decrease

answer

increase; decrease

question

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n): conditioned stimulus (CS). immediate reinforcer. unconditioned stimulus (US). primary reinforcer.

answer

conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

Shaping was a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to: decrease an undesirable behavior. guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations. explain how classical conditioning works. condition taste aversions in rats.

answer

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

question

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS).

answer

conditioned response (CR)

question

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which research study would you conduct? Examine the association between the number of violent video games in the home and aggressive acts in the household. Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors. Examine the correlation between the number of hours watching violence on television and aggressive acts in school. Record the number of times a child hits his/her siblings and the number of hours the child is engaged in playing violent video games.

answer

randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors

question

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the MOST likely to produce this response? repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug repeated pairing of minor electric shock followed by immune enhancing drug repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a tone repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye

answer

repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug

question

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: observation. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. neural networks.

answer

observation

question

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: his research methods were flawed. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations.

answer

he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles

question

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? John Watson Albert Bandura Mamie Phipps Clark B. F. Skinner

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of: observational learning. classical learning. observational conditioning. reinforced learning.

answer

observational learning

question

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US). Spontaneous recovery; acquisition Acquisition; extinction Generalization; discrimination Operant conditioning; negative conditioning

answer

Generalization; discrimination

question

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

answer

variable-ratio

question

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates: discrimination. generalization. operant conditioning. an unconditioned response (UR).

answer

discrimination

question

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

answer

variable-interval

question

John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that: the study of consciousness should be a goal of psychology. laws of learning are the same for all animals. laws of learning are NOT the same for all animals. psychologists should study "mentalistic concepts."

answer

laws of learning are the same for all animals.

question

In observational learning, the most effective models are those: who are perceived as different from the observer. who are respected only a little by the general population. who use consistent actions and words. who use inconsistent actions and words.

answer

who use consistent actions and words.

question

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates: spontaneous recovery respondent behavior operant conditioning latent learning

answer

operant conditioning

question

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n): unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned reinforcer (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS). negative reinforcer.

answer

unconditioned stimulus (US)

question

Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. Which statement does NOT explain this? The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea. The nausea became associated with the restaurant. The restaurant became a conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick.

answer

The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea.

question

In his experiments, Ivan Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if: after a few hours without the conditioned stimulus or the unconditioned stimulus, the tone was presented again. the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response. the tone was sounded again and again while presenting food to the dogs. the tone was sounded again and again without presenting food to the dogs.

answer

after a few hours without the conditioned stimulus or the unconditioned stimulus, the tone was presented again. the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response

question

Which factor would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning? models perceived as somehow different from the observer models who are not respected by the observer models who commit violent acts but go unpunished the socioeconomic status of the observer

answer

models who commit violent acts but go unpunished

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): conditioned stimulus (CS). conditioned response (CR). unconditioned stimulus (US). unconditioned response (UR).

answer

unconditioned response (UR)

question

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

answer

variable-ratio

question

In classical conditioning, this is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR) unconditioned stimulus (US) conditioned stimulus (CS)

answer

conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

One chimpanzee watches a second chimpanzee solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates: operant conditioning. observational learning. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery.

answer

observational learning

question

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer? money grades praise food

answer

food

question

Every so many: reinforcement after every nth behavior, such as buy 10 coffees, get 1 free, or pay per product unit produced. What kind of schedule of reinforcement? Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval

answer

Fixed Ratio

question

After an unpredictable number: reinforcement after a random number of behaviors, as when playing slot machines or fly casting. What kind of schedule of reinforcement? Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval

answer

Variable Ratio

question

Every so often: reinforcement for behavior after a fixed time, such as Tuesday discount prices. What kind of schedule of reinforcement? Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval

answer

Fixed Interval

question

Unpredictably often: reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time, as in checking for a Facebook response. What kind of schedule of reinforcement? Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval

answer

Variable Interval

question

A type of punishment that administers (adds) an aversive stimulus.

answer

Positive punishment

question

A type of punishment that withdraws (subtracts) a rewarding stimulus.

answer

Negative punishment

question

A desired response by presenting (adding) a pleasurable stimulus afterwards.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

A desired response by reducing or removing (subtracting) something negative

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

The ability to infer another's mental state.

answer

Theory of Mind

question

The two types of learning.

answer

Associative and Cognitive

question

In classical conditioning, _________ is associating an NS with the US so that the NS begins triggering the CR.

answer

Acquisition

question

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to a CS.

answer

Generalization

question

The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other relevant stimuli.

answer

Discrimination

question

Any consequence that strengthens behavior

answer

Reinforcement

question

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing consequences.

answer

Operant Behavior

question

Automatic responses to some stimulus. What type of behavior?

answer

Respondent Behavior

question

A child that has a temper tantrum when frustrated and the parents give in to the child's demands to end the tantrum. How is the child's behavior being reinforced? What would be the result of such reinforcement?

answer

Positively; stronger, more frequent tantrums

question

Parents giving-in to a child's tantrum and the child responds by ending the tantrum. How is the parents behavior being reinforced? What would be the result of such reinforcement?

answer

Negatively; sooner, more frequent giving-in

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Rat gets food every third time it presses the lever.

answer

FR

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Getting paid weekly no matter how much work is done.

answer

FI

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Getting paid for every ten boxes you make.

answer

FR

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Hitting a jackpot sometimes on the slot machine.

answer

VR

question

*Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Winning sometimes on the lottery you play once a day.

answer

VR/VI

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Checking cell phone all day; sometimes getting a text.

answer

VI

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Buy eight pizzas, get the next one free.

answer

FR

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Fundraiser averages one donation for every eight houses visited.

answer

VR

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Kid has tantrum; parents sometimes give-in.

answer

VR

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Repeatedly checking mail until paycheck arrives.

answer

FI

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? If I'm only paid for my Saturday work, I'm not going to work as hard on the other days.

answer

FI

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? If I never know which day my lucky lottery number will pay off, I better play it every day

answer

VI

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? Buy two drinks, get one free? I'll buy a lot of them!

answer

FR

question

Fixed or variable? Ratio or interval? If the slot machine sometimes pays, I'll pull the lever as many times as possible because it may pay this time!

answer

VR

question

Positive or negative? Punishment or Reinforcement? You're playing video games instead of practicing piano, so I am justified in yelling at you.

answer

+ punishment

question

Positive or negative? Punishment or Reinforcement? You're avoiding practicing, so I'm turning off your game.

answer

punishment

question

Positive or negative? Punishment or Reinforcement? I will stop staring at you and bugging you as soon as I see that you are practicing.

answer

- reinforcement

question

Positive or negative? Punishment or Reinforcement? After you practice, we'll play a game!

answer

+ reinforcement

question

Positive and/or negative? Punishment or Reinforcement? The outcome of which strengthens behavior.

answer

+ & - reinforcement

question

Positive and/or negative? Punishment or Reinforcement? The outcome of which reduces target behavior.

answer

+ & - punishment

question

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

answer

learning

question

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

answer

associative learning

question

any event or situation that evokes a response.

answer

stimulus

question

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

answer

cognitive learning

question

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

answer

classical conditioning

question

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

answer

behaviorism

question

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

answer

neutral stimulus (NS)

question

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth).

answer

unconditioned response (UR)

question

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response (UR).

answer

unconditioned stimulus (US)

question

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

answer

acquisition

question

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

answer

conditioned response (CR)

question

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

answer

conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

answer

discrimination

question

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

answer

extinction

question

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

answer

generalization

question

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

answer

operant conditioning

question

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

answer

conditioned reinforcer

question

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

answer

law of effect

question

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

answer

reinforcement

question

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

answer

shaping

question

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

answer

operant chamber

question

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

answer

fixed-interval schedule

question

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

answer

primary reinforcer

question

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

answer

fixed-ratio schedule

question

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

answer

reinforcement schedule

question

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

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negative reinforcement

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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variable-ratio schedule

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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

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operant behavior

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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

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partial (intermittent) reinforcement

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

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variable-interval schedule

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an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.

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punishment

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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

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respondent behavior

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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

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cognitive map

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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

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latent learning

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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

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extrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

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intrinsic motivation

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learning by observing others.

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observational learning

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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

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modeling

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frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.

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mirror neurons

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positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

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prosocial behavior

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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

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memory

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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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recall

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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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recognition

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a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

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relearning

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the processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning.

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encoding

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the retention of encoded information over time.

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storage

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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long-term memory

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the process of getting information out of memory storage.

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retrieval

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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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sensory memory

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

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short-term memory

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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

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working memory

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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)

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explicit memory

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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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automatic processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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effortful processing

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retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

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implicit memory

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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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chunking

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

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iconic memory

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encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

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deep processing

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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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mnemonics [nih-MON-iks]

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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spacing effect

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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

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testing effect

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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echoic memory

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encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

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shallow processing

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a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

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hippocampus

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

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flashbulb memory

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an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

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priming

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

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mood-congruent memory

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our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list.

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serial position effect

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an inability to form new memories.

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anterograde amnesia

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an inability to retrieve information from one's past.

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retrograde amnesia

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

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proactive interference

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

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repression

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

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retroactive interference

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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

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misinformation effect

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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

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source amnesia

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that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

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deja vu

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