Test 4 – Flashcard
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Consanguineal
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Includes blood relatives
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Affinal
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Relationships as established by marriages
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Culture
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Shared way of life that includes values, beliefs, and norms passed on in a society through generations
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Society
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Group of people in a specific territory that share a common culture
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Culture is
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unique to humans. shared* learned*
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Enculturation
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Process of social interaction through which people learn their culture (formal, conscious; informal, unconscious)
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People learn culture primarily through
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symbolic learning.
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Symbolic Learning
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Allows us to learn culture
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Symbols
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Artibtrary, meaningful units used to communicate abstract ideas (coins)
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Signs
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Associated with concrete physical items and activities (smoke means fire)
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Lesley White
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The ability to create symbols is the most distinctive feature of being human.
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Public Meaning of Symbols/Signs
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Not reliant on one individual; shared practices and understanding in a society
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Cultural understanding is not
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shared equally by all members of a society, which results in the demand for different jobs.
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Domestication
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Nurturing plants and animals so that they are distinct from wild species and dependent on humans
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Subsistence
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How one obtains basic needs
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Hunters and gatherers do not
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modify their surroundings, but exploit the plants and animals (make use of available materials).
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Artificial Selection
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Encouraged/discouraged reproduction of certain plants and animals
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V. Gordan Childe
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Oasis Theory
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Oasis Theory
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Climatic hardships (drought) forced people's movement into oases -- agriculture
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Robert Braidwood
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The Readiness Hypothesis
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The Readiness Hypothesis
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Humans became familiar with plants and animals -- ready to utilize materials to their advantage
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Ester Boserup
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Began by researching changes in complex agricultural practices; found that societies will intensify cultivation practices only when forced by rising population pressure on available resources
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Theories of Domestication
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Only agree that it was a gradual process
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Elman Service
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Fourfould System Classifying Societies
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Fourfould System Classifying Societies
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Bands; Tribes; Chiefdoms; States
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Bands
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Least complex; oldest form; small related individuals in single region; egalitarian*; Ju/'hoansi
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Tribes
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Bands with same language and culture living in same region; herding, subsistence; mostly egalitarian; redistribution*; Navajos
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Chiefdoms
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Formalized/centralized leadership headed by chief; horticulturalist; politcal organizations influenced by age, power, and interest groups; hierarchy*; Polynesia
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States
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Centralized bureaucratic institutions which establish power and authoriy over large populations in clearly defined territories; held together by the power to coerce at the center; agriculture; beginning of civiliation*; land ownership; more stable political system due to laws*; writing systems
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Kinship
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Social relationship based on cultural recognition of ties by descent or marriage
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Descent
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Socially recognized links between an individual and his or her ancestors
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Two Kinds of Kinship
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Consanguineal; affinial
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Consanguineal
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By blood Father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin
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Affinal
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By marriage
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Lineage
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Kin group that can trace descent from a common ancestor through known links
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Clan
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Kin group that can trace descent through unknown links
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Patrilineal
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Traced through males
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Matrilineal
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Traced through females
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Cross-cousin
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Children of a parent's sibling of the opposite sex Mother's brother Father's sister
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Parallel Cousin
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Children of a parent's sibling of the same sex Mother's sister Father's brother
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Marriage
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Socially sanctioned sexual and economic union usually between persons of the opposite sex
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Purposes of Marriage
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1. Regulates sexual access 2. Provides for exchange of services 3. Results in responsible child-rearing 4. Cements alliances between families
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Endogamy
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Marrying within one's group or culture
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Exogamy
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Marrying outside of one's group or culture
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Incest Taboo
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Rules that prohibit sexual activity between certain categories of kin Most universal: parental and sibling
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Explanations for Incest Taboo
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1. Natural aversion to sex with those with whom persons are raised (brothers and sisters) 2. Reduced conflict within the family 3. Sexual activity between certain categories of kin can result in genetic problems 4. Daughters have been good sources for alliances
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Avoiding sexual intercourse with certain persons is not
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biological. Otherwise, we would not have instances of incest.
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Economic Systems
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How we get what we need
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Three Modes of Exchange
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1. Reciprocity 2. Redistribution 3. Market Exchange
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Reciprocity
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Exchange of goods of equal (more or less) value
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Redistribution
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Goods flow into a central place to be given back
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Market Exchange
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Buying and selling of goods with prices set by supply and demand
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Language and Culture
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Are parts to a whole
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Language is
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culture.
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Culture is
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language.
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Humans are born with
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the ability to speak a language.
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Humans must be
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exposed to language.
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John Locke
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Tabula Rasa; humans learn to speak through habit formation
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B.F. Skinner
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Conditioned response and feedback
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Renee Descartes
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Innate ideas or structures in the human mind provide the basis for learning language
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Noam Chomsky
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We are born with a language learning module built into the structure of our brain that lets us learn language easily; we do not know the inner rules of language
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Syntax
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Is not similar; is identical
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Erik Lenneberg
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Critical Period
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Critical Period
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Window of opportunity in which a mature human mind must be exposed to language if he is to learn to speak; 2-3 years of age
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Complete lateraliztion of the brain makes it
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impossible to learn a first language.
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Feral Children
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ie. Genie
