question

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of: a) negative reinforcement. b) classical conditioning. c) conditioned reinforcers. d) operant conditioning. e) observational learning.

answer

d) operant conditioning.

question

The fact that rats can learn the layout of a maze while passively riding through it in a wire basket highlights the importance of: a)shaping. b) secondary reinforcers. c) spontaneous recovery. d) cognitive processes. e) primary reinforcers.

answer

d) cognitive processes.

question

Latent learning can occur in the absence of: a) reinforcement. b) cognition. c) experience. d) any of the above.

answer

a) reinforcement.

question

Reinforcement is to operant conditioning as ________ is to observational learning. a) prosocial behavior b) punishment c)respondent behavior d) modeling

answer

d) modeling

question

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. a) primary reinforcement b) generalization c) biological predispositions d) negative reinforcement e) spontaneous recovery

answer

c) biological predispositions

question

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of: a) shaping. b) generalization. c) latent learning. d) secondary reinforcement. e) spontaneous recovery.

answer

c) latent learning.

question

Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the particular associations that most readily facilitate their survival has been provided by: a) Watson and Rayner's study of fear conditioning in Little Albert. b) Bandura's study of observational learning and aggression in children. c) Pavlov's study of salivary conditioning in dogs. d) Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion in rats.

answer

d) Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion in rats

question

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to: a) simply ignore her complaining. b) provide her with a very small drink of water. c) close her bedroom door to indicate that they disapprove of her whining. d) read her a short story so she forgets about wanting a drink.

answer

a) simply ignore her complaining.

question

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement. a) positive; negative b) negative; positive c) continuous; partial d) partial; continuous e) primary; secondary

answer

c) continuous; partial

question

Janna's behavior is more strongly influenced by the momentary thrill of unprotected sex than by the prospect of an unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted disease. This best illustrates the impact of: a) classical conditioning. b) the overjustification theory. c) immediate reinforcement. d) a variable-interval schedule. e) spontaneous recovery.

answer

c) immediate reinforcement.

question

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for parents to control their young children's behaviors because: a) the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors. b) children will forget how to perform punished behaviors in circumstances where they are justified and necessary. c) the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid their parents. d) punishment cannot even temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors.

answer

c) the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid their parents.

question

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n): a) conditioned stimulus. b) unconditioned stimulus. c) unconditioned response. d) conditioned response.

answer

d) conditioned response.

question

What is the greatest danger associated with using small bribes to entice children to read good books? a) latent learning b) delayed reinforcement c) the overjustification effect d) respondent behavior e) discrimination

answer

c) the overjustification effect

question

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? a) latent learning b) partial reinforcement c) spontaneous recovery d) generalization e) discrimination

answer

c) spontaneous recovery

question

Pigeons learn to flap their wings to avoid shock ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to avoid shock. They learn to flap their wings to obtain food ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to obtain food. a) more; more b) more; less c) less; less d) more; less e) less; more

answer

b) more; less

question

Money is to food as ________ is to ________. a) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer b) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer c) discrimination; generalization d) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement e) operant conditioning; classical conditioning

answer

b) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

question

It's easier to condition young children to fear snakes than to fear flowers. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. a) biological predispositions b) primary reinforcement c) generalization d) spontaneous recovery e) punishment

answer

a) biological predispositions

question

Pavlov is to ________ as Skinner is to ________. a) operant conditioning; classical conditioning b) latent learning; observational learning c) observational learning; operant conditioning d) respondent behavior; operant behavior

answer

d) respondent behavior; operant behavior

question

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hardworking employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of: a) latent learning. b) classical conditioning. c) modeling. d) operant conditioning.

answer

d) operant conditioning.

question

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer. a) positive b) negative c) secondary d) partial e) delayed

answer

b) negative

question

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates: a) the law of effect. b) spontaneous recovery. c) respondent behavior. d) the overjustification effect. e) associative learning.

answer

e) associative learning.

question

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n): a) primary reinforcer. b) unconditional stimulus. c) immediate reinforcer. d) conditioned stimulus.

answer

d) conditioned stimulus.

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n): a) UCR. b) UCS. c) CR. d) CS.

answer

a) UCR.

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____. a) CS; UCS b) UCR; CS c) secondary reinforcer; operant behavior d) negative reinforcer; operant behavior

answer

a) CS; UCS

question

Long after her conditioned fear of spiders had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new pet tarantula. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: a) latent learning. b) spontaneous recovery. c) delayed reinforcement. d) the overjustification effect. e) shaping.

answer

b) spontaneous recovery.

question

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Matthew Birnie still responded with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates: a) an unconditioned response. b) operant conditioning. c) latent learning. d) generalization. e) extinction.

answer

d) generalization.

question

The predictability of an association between a CS and a UCS facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the UCS. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective. a) evolutionary b) behaviorist c) cognitive d) neuroscience

answer

c) cognitive

question

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by: a) Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. b) Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion. c) Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. d) Bandura's studies of observational learning. e) Watson and Raynor's findings on fear conditioning.

answer

c) Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

question

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as: a) generalization. b) partial reinforcement. c) spontaneous recovery. d) secondary reinforcement. e) shaping.

answer

e) shaping.

question

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. a) partial b) primary c) negative d) conditioned e) delayed

answer

d) conditioned

question

Amos plays the slot machine for hours at a time. The monetary winnings dispensed to him by the machine provide an example of ________ reinforcement. a) negative b) primary c) delayed d) partial

answer

d) partial

question

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a) fixed-interval b) variable-interval c) fixed-ratio d) variable-ratio

answer

c) fixed-ratio

question

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. She is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule. a)fixed-interval b)variable-interval c)fixed-ratio d)variable-ratio

answer

b)variable-interval

question

The overjustification effect involves the loss of: a) continuous reinforcement. b) primary reinforcers. c) spontaneous recovery. d) intrinsic motivation. e) immediate reinforcers.

answer

d) intrinsic motivation.

question

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates: a) operant conditioning. b) observational learning. c) respondent behavior. d) spontaneous recovery. e) classical conditioning.

answer

b) observational learning.

question

If you have frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates: a) generalization. b) spontaneous recovery. c) the overjustification effect. d) classical conditioning. e) the law of effect.

answer

d) classical conditioning.

question

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n): a) negative reinforcer. b) conditioned stimulus. c) conditioned reinforcer. d) unconditioned stimulus

answer

d) unconditioned stimulus

question

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a(n): a) UCR. b) UCS. c) CR. d) CS

answer

c) CR.

question

People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward Pokémon characters who were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of: a) classical conditioning. b) the law of effect. c) negative reinforcers. d) the overjustification effect. e) delayed reinforcers.

answer

a) classical conditioning.

question

One psychologist recalled that the smell of onion breath no longer to triggered sexual arousal after the smell was no longer paired with his girlfriend's kisses. This best illustrates: a) acquisition. b) extinction. c) generalization. d) discrimination. e) the law of effect.

answer

b) extinction.

question

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of: a) extinction. b) discrimination. c) conditioned reinforcement. d) latent learning. e) shaping.

answer

b) discrimination.

question

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by: a) intrinsic motivation. b) spontaneous recovery. c) biological predispositions. d) conditioned reinforcers. e) the law of effect.

answer

c) biological predispositions.

question

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates: a) spontaneous recovery. b) respondent behavior. c) operant conditioning. d) latent learning. e) habituation.

answer

c) operant conditioning.

question

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of: a) respondent behavior. b) negative reinforcement. c) generalization. d) secondary reinforcement. e) spontaneous recovery.

answer

b) negative reinforcement.

question

A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________. a) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer b) operant conditioning; classical conditioning c) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement d) observational learning; latent learning e) conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforce

answer

e) conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforce

question

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule. a) fixedinterval b) variable-interval c) fixed-ratio d) variable-ratio

answer

d) variable-ratio

question

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. a) fixed-interval b) variable-interval c) fixed-ratio d) variable-ratio

answer

a) fixed-interval

question

For some children who bite themselves or bang their heads, squirting water into their faces when they hurt themselves has been observed to decrease the frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best illustrates the potential value of: a) latent learning. b) conditioned reinforcers. c) negative reinforcers. d) primary reinforcers. e) punishment.

answer

e) punishment.

question

Laurie lost some of her intrinsic interest in caring for her baby sister when her mother began promising to pay her money to look after her sister. Laurie's experience best illustrates: a) respondent behavior. b) latent learning. c) the overjustification effect. d) spontaneous recovery. e) negative reinforcement.

answer

c) the overjustification effect.

question

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? a) Watson b) Bandura c) Pavlov d) Skinner

answer

b) Bandura

question

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of A. latent learning. B. generalization. C. delayed reinforcement. D. shaping. B. generalization

answer

B. generalization

question

3. Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a A) negative reinforcement. B) positive reinforcement. C) negative punishment. D) positive punishment. E) punishing reinforcer.

answer

C) negative punishment.

question

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on A. an organism's active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation. B. the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. C. how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. D. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

answer

D. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

question

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called A) primary reinforcers. B) successive approximations. C) discriminative stimuli. D) cognitive maps. E) intrinsic motivations

answer

D) cognitive maps.

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of A) primary reinforcers. B) respondent behavior. C) spontaneous recovery. D) cognitive processes. E) conditioned reinforcers.

answer

D) cognitive processes.

question

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of A) shaping. B) generalization. C) latent learning. D) secondary reinforcement. E) spontaneous recovery.

answer

C) latent learning.

question

On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through A) latent learning. B) secondary reinforcement. C) partial reinforcement. D) shaping. E) modeling.

answer

D) shaping.

question

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who A) consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior. B) modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern. C) consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior. D) consistently used permissive rather than authoritarian child-rearing practices. E) consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior

answer

B) modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.

question

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. E) positive punishment.

answer

C) positive reinforcer.

question

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning. A) shaping B) generalization C) modeling D) respondent behavior E) secondary reinforcement

answer

C) modeling

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates A) shaping. B) latent learning. C) delayed reinforcement. D) spontaneous recovery. E) modeling.

answer

B) latent learning

question

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. A) primary reinforcement B) generalization C) biological predispositions D) negative reinforcement E) spontaneous recovery

answer

C) biological predispositions

question

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of A) negative reinforcers. B) generalization. C) spontaneous recovery. D) punishment. E) secondary reinforcers.

answer

D) punishment.

question

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development. A) shaping B) observational learning C) generalization D) delayed reinforcement E) spontaneous recovery

answer

B) observational learning

question

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to A) punishing. B) extinguishing. C) discriminating. D) modeling. E) generalizing.

answer

D) modeling.

question

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was A) Skinner. B) Pavlov. C) Watson. D) Bandura. E) Garcia

answer

A) Skinner.

question

. In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as A) classical conditioning. B) delayed reinforcement. C) latent learning. D) generalization. E) shaping.

answer

E) shaping.

question

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of A) generalization. B) shaping. C) modeling. D) discrimination. E) delayed reinforcement.

answer

B) shaping.

question

Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of A) observational learning. B) latent learning. C) operant conditioning. D) classical conditioning. E) spontaneous recovery.

answer

C) operant conditioning.

question

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. E) positive punishment.

answer

D) negative reinforcer

question

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? A) Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. B) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. C) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. D) Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. E) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

answer

A) Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding.

question

Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. A) secondary reinforcers B) cognitive processes C) biological predispositions D) intrinsic motivation E) spontaneous recovery

answer

B) cognitive processes

question

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery. B) continuous reinforcement. C) latent learning. D) generalization. E) habituation

answer

D) generalization.

question

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? A) negative reinforcement B) classical conditioning C) latent learning D) operant conditioning E) observational learning

answer

B) classical conditioning

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called A) generalization. B) spontaneous recovery. C) secondary reinforcement. D) latent learning. E) shaping.

answer

B) spontaneous recovery.

question

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning. A) spontaneous recovery B) conditioned reinforcers C) shaping D) cognitive processes E) biological predispositions

answer

E) biological predispositions

question

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of A) shaping. B) latent learning. C) secondary reinforcement. D) discrimination. E) extinction.

answer

D) discrimination.

question

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. D) conditioned response. E) neutral stimulus

answer

D) conditioned response; CR

question

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcoholism may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning. A) biological predispositions B) generalization C) negative reinforcement D) cognitive processes E) spontaneous recovery

answer

D) cognitive processes

question

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote A) shaping. B) survival. C) extrinsic motivation. D) prosocial behavior. E) social interaction.

answer

B) survival.

question

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? A) latent learning B) partial reinforcement C) spontaneous recovery D) generalization E) discrimination

answer

C) spontaneous recovery

question

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of A) secondary reinforcement. B) generalization. C) shaping. D) latent learning. E) spontaneous recovery.

answer

B) generalization.

question

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on A) an organism's active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation. B) the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. C) how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. D) an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. E) the expectation of a reward for behavior being fulfilled.

answer

D) an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

question

In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________. A) US; CS B) UR; CR C) CS; US D) CR; UR E) US; CR

answer

C) CS; US

question

Who introduced the term behaviorism? A) Garcia B) Skinner C) Watson D) Bandura E) Pavlov

answer

C) Watson

question

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a A) US. B) UR. C) CS. D) CR. E) NS.

answer

C) CS

question

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n) A) physiological psychologist. B) cognitive psychologist. C) behaviorist. D) psychoanalyst. E) operant conditioner.

answer

C) behaviorist.

question

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n) A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. D) conditioned stimulus. E) neutral stimulus.

answer

A) conditioned response.

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