question

E. L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand ___________. a. operant conditioning b. the psychic reflex c. animal intelligence d. maze learning

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c. animal intelligence

question

Thorndike complained that ___________ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals." a. anecdotal b. case study c. informal experimental d. intuitive

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a. anecdotal

question

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that __________. a. the reasoning ability of cats is quite remarkable b. treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect" c. the treadle is a CS for stepping d. learning meant connecting the treadle with freedom and food

answer

b. treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"

question

Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a __________ with succeeding trials. a. decrease in time b. decrease in errors c. change in topography d. increase in the rate of behavior

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a. decrease in time

question

The law of effect says that _________. a. satisfying consequences are more powerful than annoying consequences b. behavior is a function of its consequences c. how an organism perceives events is more important than the events themselves d. effective behavior drives out ineffective behavior

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b. behavior is a function of its consequences

question

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except ____________. a. educational psychology b. animal learning c. social psychology d. psychological testing

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c. social psychology

question

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from ____________. a. errors b. repeated trials c. success d. social experiences

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c. success

question

Operant learning is sometimes called __________ learning. a. free b. higher-order c. instrumental d. reward

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c. instrumental

question

______________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the same name, "Skinner box." a. Fred Keller b. E. L. Thorndike c. John Watson d. Clark Hull

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d. Clark Hull

question

Operant conditioning may also be referred to as ________________. a. trial-and-error learning b. effects learning c. non-Pavlovian conditioning d. instrumental learning

answer

d. instrumental learning

question

Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ___________. a. a lack of intelligence b. age. Studies show that after the age of 60 learning a second language is nearly impossible d. the benefits she receives for not speaking English

answer

d. the benefits she receives for not speaking English

question

Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior. She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is __________. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. adventitious reinforcement d. punishment

answer

a. positive reinforcement

question

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _________________. a. a behavior must have a consequence b. the consequence of the behavior must be positive c. a behavior must increase in strength d. the increase in strength must be the result of the behavior's consequences

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b. the consequence of the behavior must be positive

question

The one thing that all reinforces have in common is that they ___________. a. strengthen behavior b. are positive c. feel good d. provide feedback

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a. strengthen behavior

question

The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ____________. a. two b. four c. six d. nine

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b. four

question

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called _______________. a. escape training b. positive training c. satisfier training d. reward training

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d. reward training

question

Negative reinforcement is also called ____________. a. punishment b. aversive training c. escape avoidance training d. reward training

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c. escape-avoidance training

question

Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _______________ could learn to behave randomly. a. preeschoolers b. cats c. rats d. pigeons

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c. rats

question

Skinner describes some of his most important research in __________. a. verbal behavior b. the behavior of organisms c. particulars of my life d. animal intelligence

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b. the behavior of organisms

question

The author of your text calls Skinner the ________________. a. Newton of psychology b. Thorndike of free operant work c. discoverer of reinforcement d. Darwin of behavior science

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c. discoverer of reinforcement

question

The opposite of a conditioned reinforce is a _____________. a. tertiary reinforcement b. secondary reinforce c. primary reinforce d. generalized reinforcer

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c. primary reinforcer

question

All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ___________. a. primary b. contrived c. secondary d. classical

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d. classical

question

Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with _______________. a. food b. water c. escape from shock d. morphine

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b. water

question

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _________ reinforcer. a. primary b. secondary c. unexpected d. intrinsic

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b. secondary

question

Secondary reinforcers are also called ____________ reinforcers. a. transient b. conditioned c. second-order d. acquired

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b. conditioned

question

Money is a good example of a _________ reinforcer. a. primary b. tertiary c. generalized d. transient

answer

c. generalized

question

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise _________. a. occurred as Albert reached for the rat b. occurred while Albert was eating c. did not bother Albert initially d. was aversive

answer

a. occurred as Albert reached for the rat

question

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of __________. a. contiguity b. contingency c. inter-trial interval d. deprivation level

answer

a. contiguity

question

Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by _________________. a. increasing the size of the reinforcer b. preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus c. providing a different kind of reinforcer d. following the reinforcer with a stimulus

answer

b. preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus

question

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a _______________. a. motivating operation b. reward booster c. contrived reinfrorcer d. activator

answer

a. motivating operation

question

_____________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing. a. Olds and Milner b. Skinner c. Barnes and Noble d. Hull

answer

a. Olds and Milner

question

_________ is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement. a. dopamine b. stupamine c. intelemine d. actonmine

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a. dopamine

question

Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers ________. a. stimulate the brain b. reduce a drive c. activate neurotransmitters d. leave a neural trace

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b. reduce a drive

question

Slyvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Slyvia is most likely an advocate of __________ theory. a. drive-reduction b. relative value c. response deprivation d. random guess

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b. relative value

question

Permack's name is most logically associated with ________. a. drive reduction theory b. relative value theory c. response deprivation theory d. equilibrium theory

answer

b. relative value theory

question

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves ____________. a. a reduction in drive b. an increase in the potency of a behavior c. a relation between behaviors d. a satisfying state of affairs

answer

c. a relation between behaviors

question

According to _______ theory, school children are eager to go to recess because the have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise. a. drive-reduction b. relative value c. response deprivation d. stimulus substitution

answer

c. response deprivation

question

The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that __________. a. the aversive event is signaled b. the aversive event is not signaled c. the aversive event is signaled twice d. there is no aversive event

answer

b. the aversive event is not signaled

question

Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is _______________. a. reinforcement b. the aversive event c. fatigue d. time

answer

d. time

question

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by ________________. a. escape from the CS b. a reduction in the number of aversive events c. positive reinforcers that follow aversive events d. non-contingent aversives

answer

b. a reduction in the number of aversive events

question

True or False. Another term for operant is instrumental

answer

True

question

True or False Positive reinforcement increases the strength of behavior

answer

True

question

True or False According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced

answer

True

question

True or False Reprimands, restraint, captivity, and electrical shocks can be reinforcers.

answer

True

question

True or False Negative reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior

answer

True

question

True or False A general assumption of behavioral research is that any feature of a behavior may be strengthened by reinforcement, so long as reinforcement can be made contingent on that feature

answer

True

question

True or False Negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms

answer

False

question

True or False People can learn to behave randomly provided that reinforcers are made contingent on random acts.

answer

True

question

True or False Reinforcement is often said to increase the frequency of a behavior, but research suggests that any feature of a behavior (e.g. intensity, duration, form, etc.) can be strengthened if a reinforcer can be made contingent on that feature.

answer

True

question

True or False Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning as well.

answer

True

question

True or False In operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence

answer

True

question

True or False Vomiting is ordinarily an involuntary response, but sometimes it can be modified be operant procedures.

answer

True

question

True or False Pavlovian and operant learning often occur together.

answer

True

question

True or False The more you increase the size of a reinforcer, the less benefit you get from the increase.

answer

True

question

True or False Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior

answer

False

question

True or False With reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his blood pressure

answer

False

question

True or False Using ESB as an reinforcer, Talwar and his colleagues got such effective control over the behavior of rats that journalists called the animals robo-rats

answer

True

question

True or False Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected reinforcers.

answer

True

question

The experimental chamber developed by Skinner is often called a _________.

answer

Skinner box

question

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called __________ learning

answer

reward

question

Negative reinforcement is sometimes called ________ learning

answer

escape-avoidance

question

Reinforcers such as praise, positive feedback, and smiles are called _______ reinforcers.

answer

secondary/conditioned

question

_____________ reinforcers are those that have been arranged by someone.

answer

Contrived

question

The area of the brain that seems to be associated with reinforcement is called the reward ____________.

answer

pathway/circuit

question

Clark Hull's name is associated with the _________ theory of reinforcement.

answer

drive-reduction

question

The ___________ principle states that high probability behavior reinforces low probability behavior

answer

Premack

question

In ___________ a response is followed by the withdrawal of, or reduction in the intensity of, and aversive stimulus

answer

negative reinforcement

question

__________ theory assumes that a behavior becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from preforming it as often as we normally would.

answer

response deprivation

question

Operant learning is often described as trial-and-error learning, but Thorndike argued that behavior was selected ____________.

answer

success

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