a&P – Flashcard
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What purpose do fuel selector valves serve?
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They allow tank and engine selection, and provide a means for shutting off fuel flow.
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What are hormones
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Chemical messengers released into the blood and are transported throughout the body
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8 process controlled by hormones
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*Reproduction *Growth and development *mobilizing body defenses *maintain electrolyte balance of blood *Maintain nutrient balance of bllod *maintain water balance of blood *regulate cell metabolism thyroid *regulate energy balance partiel thyroid
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Hormone chemical classifications
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*Non-steroidal (amino acid-based molecules) *Steroids (made from cholesterol
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Target Cells/Target organs
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The cells/organs that hormones affect *hormones increase or decrease the rate of a normal metabolic process
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Steroidal Hormones
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Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on cell's DNA *Activates certain genes to transcribe mRNA
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Nonsteroidal Hormones
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*Hormone binds to membrane receptor *Enzyme catalyzes reaction that produces a 2nd messenger molecule (Camp)
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Hormonal Stimuls
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Other hormones encourage endocrine organs into action *The hormones made by the target glands increase and feed back and tell the glands to stop or slow down production
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Humoral
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The blood levels of certain ions and nutrients that change stimulate hormone release as soon as the levels increase enough secretion stops
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Neural Stimulus
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Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release *Sympathetic nervous systems (fight flight fright)
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Endocrine Glands
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No Ducts! Ductless! rich blood supply
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Exocrine Glands
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*HAVE ducts! *Release products at the body's surface or into body cavities through ducts
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9 Major Endocrine Organs
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*pituitary gland:anterior pituitary is ENDOCRINE*Thyroid *Parathyroid *Adrenal *pineal *thymus ALL ENDOCRINE *Pancreases *Gonads *Hypothalamus are both endocrine and exocrine
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. 5 Anterior Pituitary gland (glandular tissue)
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*Growth hormone GH: effect non endocrine targets *Prolactin: effect non endocrine targets breast milk *Thyrotropic: tropic hormone *Gonadotropic 2 hormones: tropic hormones
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Tropic Hormones
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Stimulate their target organs (endocrine oragns) to secrete hormones which exerts their effects on other body organs and tissues
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Anterior Pituitary hormones are
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Proteins *act as 2nd messenger system *regulated by hormonal stimuli (negative feedback
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Growth Hormone functions
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*Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones *Cause amino acids to be built into proteins *stimulate most target cells to grow in size and divide *HELPS MAINTAIN BLOOD SUGAR
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Prolactin (PRL)
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Targets breast in humans milk prodcution no know function in males similar to GH
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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Regulates adrenal cortex (OUTSIDE) activity
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Thyroid Stimulate Hormone (TSH)
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Influences growth and activity of thyroid gland
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Gonadotropic hormones
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Regulates hormonal activity of Gonads *FEMALES Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) *MALES Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) LH= Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ISCH)
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Anterior Pituitary Gland =
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Master Endocrine Gland
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Hypothalamus makes
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Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Posterior Pituitary Gland Stores
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Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Oxytocin
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*Released during childbirth and in nursing females *Stimulates contractions of uterus during child birth, during sexual relations, when breast feeding *Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) when nursing *doesn't make the hormones it secretes
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Antidiuretic hormone
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Inhibits or prevents production of urine *Causes kidneys to absorb more water from forming urine so urine volume decrease and blood volume increases *Diuretics (drugs) antagonize effects of ADH so flush water from body
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Thyroid Gland
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*At base of throat inferior to adam's apple *2 lobes joined by an isthmus *makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin *is two iodine containing hormones Thyroxine Trilodothyronie T3
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Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)
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decreases levels of blood calcium causes calcium to be deposited in bones *antagonist to parathyroid hormone *released into blood when blood calcium increase *Theory production is meager or ceases in elderly
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Parathyroid Gland
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On posterior thyroid gland *2 glands on each thyroid love 4 total * secrete parathyroid hormone=parathormone *regulates calcium levels in blood
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adrenal cOrtex
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glandular tissue Outside
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adrenal medulla
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neural tissue and INSIDE
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Adrenal cortex produces 3 groups of steroid hormones
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*Mineralocorticoids *glucocorticoids *Sex hormones outside to inner MGS= maple grove sucks
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Mineralocorticoids
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Aldosterone is made on the OUTERMOST layer *regulates salt sat_flash_1 of blood *Regulate water and electrolyte balance in body fluids
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Corticoids
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produced in middle layer *cortison & cortisol *control inflammation by decreasing edema *reduce pain by prostaglandins *glucose release in the blood
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Cortison vs Cortisol
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Cortison= synthetic Cortisol = produced by body adrenals
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Sex hormones
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Produced by innermost layer of cortex
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Androgens
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male sex hormones
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Estrogens
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Female sex hormones
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adreneal=
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superrenal
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addisons disease
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not enough secretion hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones *Problems with electrolyte and water balance *muscle weakness, shock
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Signs of addisons disease
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Bronze skin tone * hypoglycemia *decreased ability to deal with stress * immune system suppression
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Cushing's syndrome
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tumor in middle layer of adrenal cortex *hypersecretion of aldosterone
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Signs of cushing's syndrome
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HTN *moon face *buffalo hump or fat on upper back *hyperglycemia and maybe DM *weak bones *depressed immune system
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HTN=
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hyper tension high blood pressure
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Adrenal medulla
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Nervous tissue (inside of adrenal gland)
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catechoiamines
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help body deal with short term stressor *stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
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Pancreatic islets
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Islets of langerhans endocrine part of pancreases eye lid *exocrine aspect of pancrease deals with digeston
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Pancreatic islets hormones produced
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insulin and glucagon insulin decreases bp ONLY hormones that decreases blood glucose
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increased blood glucose creates..
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release of insulin from beta cells of islets
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Diabetes Mellitus Dm
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Normal blood glucose= 80-120 mg/100 ml bld *cells cant use glucose so fats and proteins are broken down and used for energy which causes weight loss
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3 Cardinal sighns of Dm
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*Polyuria-excessive urination *Polydipsia-excessive thirst *Polyphagia-excessive hunger
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What are the two types of Dm
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Type 1= Juvenile onset=Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Type 2= Adult onset = non insulin dependent diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) may need insulin oral diabetic diet & exercise
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Glucagon
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Antagonizes insulin released by alpha cell of islets when glucose is low in blood
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Hyperglycemia
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raises blood sugar Target organ is the liver
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Pineal Gland
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Found in the third ventricle of brain secretes MELATONIN peaks at night so we get tired
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Thymus gland
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posterior to sternm large in infants and children decreases in size throughout adulthood produces Thymosin
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Female gonads
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ovaries produce female sex cell eggs/ova Produces estrogens and progesterone
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Estrogen
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Secondary sex characterstics growth reprodutive orans hair in pubic and axilla Estrone and estradiol which is more common
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Progesterone
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Prepares breast tissue for lactation
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Placenta
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Hormone prodced nutrion delivery system for fetus Human chroionic gonadotropin made by embryo and fetal part of placenta
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testes
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Suspeneded in scrotum produces androgens testosterone facial hair heavy bones stimulates male sex drive produces sperm
