Pathophysiology Chapter 6: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalance – Flashcards
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1. Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult's body: a. 30 b. 45% c. 60 d. 70
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60
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2. Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male's body: a. 30% b. 20% c. 10% d. 4%
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d. 4%
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3. Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through: a. Perspiration only b. Feces only c. Perspiration and expiration d. Urine and feces
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c. Perspiration and expiration
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4. When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the: a. Blood into the cells b. JnterstjtjaJ compartment into the ceJJs c. Interstitial compartment in the blood d. Cells into the interstitial compartment
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c. Interstitial compartment in the blood
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5. Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins? a. Increased osmotic pressure b. Decreased osmotic pressure c. Increased hydrostatic pressure d. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
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b. Decreased osmotic pressure
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6. Which of the following would cause edema? a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure b. Increased capillary osmotic pressure c. Decreased capillary permeability d. Increased capillary permeability
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d. Increased capillary permeability
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7. Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading? a. Fluid excess b. Fluid deficit c. Increased sodium level d. Decreased erythrocytes
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b. Fluid deficit
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8. Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration? a. Rapid, strong puise b. Low hematocrit c. Increased urine output Rough oral mucosa
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Rough oral mucosa
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9. Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity? a. Dehydration b. Third-spacing c. Hypovolemia d. Water retention
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b. Third-spacing
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10. Which of the following is a characteristic of sodium ion? a. It is a cation b. It is present primarily in the intracellular fluid c. It shifts out of the blood by active transport d. Blood levels are controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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a. It is a cation
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11. Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia? a. Loss of the thirst mechanism b. Excessive sweating c. Excessive aldosterone secretion d. Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations
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b. Excessive sweating
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12. Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia? a. Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps b. Oliguria c. Elevated serum pH d. Cardiac arrhythmias
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d. Cardiac arrhythmias
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13. Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone: a. Increased movement of calcium ions into the bones b. Increased activation of calcium from the digestive tract c. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract d. Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
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c. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
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14. Which of the following results from hypocalcemia? 1. Low serum phosphate levels 2. Nausea and constipation 3. Skeletal muscle twitch and spasms 4. Weak cardiac contractions a. 1,2 b. 1,4 c. 2,3 d. 3,4
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d. 3,4
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15. Which of the following causes tetany? a. Increased permeability of nerve membranes b. Insufficient calcium in skeletal muscle c. Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves d. Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex
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a. Increased permeability of nerve membranes
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16. In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component? a. Bone metabolism b. Metabolic processes involving ATP c. Blood clotting Acid-base balance
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c. Blood clotting
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17. Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH? 4.5-8 b. 7.0 c. 7.4 d. 8
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c. 7.4
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18. When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? The pH: a. Decreases b. Increases c. Remains constant
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a. Decreases
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19. What is the slowest, but most effective control for acid-base balance? a. Respiratory system b. Buffer systems in the blood c. Kidneys d. Brain
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c. Kidneys
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20. Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range? a. Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities b. All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys c. The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant d. The ration of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20
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d. The ration of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20
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21. Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations? Increased carbonic acid b. Decreased carbonic acid c, Increased bicarbonate ion d. Decreased bicarbonate ion
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Increased carbonic acid
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22. Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis? a. Slow, shallow respirations b. Prolonged diarrhea c. Mild vomiting d. Excessive fluid in the body
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b. Prolonged diarrhea
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23. What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate? a. Metabolic alkalosis b. MetaboJjc acjdosjs c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis
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b. MetaboJjc acjdosjs
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24. Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis? a. pH is below normal range b. pH is above normal range c. bicarbonate level decreases d. bicarbonate level increases
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a. pH is below normal range
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25. When excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body, serum: a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease b. Bicarbonate ion levels increase c. Carbonic acid levels increase pH increases
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a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
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26. What does acidosis cause? a. CNS hyperexcitability and nervousness b. Hypokalemia c. CNC depression and drowsiness d. Hypernatremia
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c. CNC depression and drowsiness
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27. Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include: a. Increased ADH b. Decreased aldosterone c. Slow, strong heart contractions d. Peripheral vasodilation
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a. Increased ADH
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28. Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
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c. Respiratory acidosis
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29. In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be: a. Increased rate and depth of respiration b. Decreased rate and depth of respiration c. Increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate d. Decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate
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d. Decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate
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30. An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to: a. Increased Pc02 b. Decreased Pc02 c. Respiratory acidosis d. Metabolic acidosis
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b. Decreased Pc02
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31. Young infants are more vulnerable to serious dehydration because of their: a. Decreased body surface area and insensible fluid loss b. Limited renal compensation c. Decreased proportion of fluid to body weight d. Slower metabolic rate
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b. Limited renal compensation
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32. Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be: a. Decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidney b. Increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate c. Increased respiratory rate and depth d. Increased renin secretion
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b. Increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
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33. A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to: a. Hypokalemia b. Hyperkalemia c. Hyponatremja d. Hypercalcemia
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b. Hyperkalemia
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34. Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day Is likely to result in: a. Hypokalemia b. Hypernatremia c. Hyperchloremia Hypovolemia
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Hypovolemia
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35. Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic. Not all options are used in the answers 1. Serum pH decreases 2. Serum bicarbonate decreases 3. PC02 decreases 4. Respiration decreases 5. Respiration increases 6. Serum pH increases 7. Urine pH decreases a 1,3,7,4,2,6 b. 5,2,7,3,4,1 c. 2,1,5,3,7,6, d.3,1,5,6,7,2
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c. 2,1,5,3,7,6,
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36. Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis? a. Bradycardia b. Drowsiness c. Muscle twitches d. Decreased urine pH
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c. Muscle twitches
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37. Prolonged diarrhea results in: a. Loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis b. Increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis c. Loss of chloride ions only, leading to metabolic alkalosis d. Surplus bicarbonate ions, leading to respiratory alkalosis
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a. Loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis
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38. In the initial stage, vomiting results in: a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. None of the above are correct
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b. Metabolic alkalosis
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39. Which two ions are most important in acid-base balance in the body? a. b. Cl- and HC03 d. Na+, CJ-
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b. Cl- and HC03
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40. The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the: a. Liver and pancreas b. Lungs and kidneys c. Lungs and plasma proteins d. Kidneys and bone marrow
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b. Lungs and kidneys
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41. Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by: a. Blocking normal nerve conduction b. Increasing the permeability of nerve membranes c. Blocking movement of calcium ions Depressing inhibitory actions
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b. Increasing the permeability of nerve membranes
