Ch 10 neurology study notes – Flashcards
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Hemiparesis
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Muscle weakness on one side of the body
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messenger that travels across the synapses between neurons
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Meningitis
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Inflammation and infection of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord caused by a bacterium or virus.
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Temporal lobe
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Lobe of the cerebrum that analyzes sensory information. It contains the auditory cortex for the sense of hearing and the olfactory cortex for the sense of smell.
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Parietal lobe
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Lobe of the cerebrum that receives and analyzes sensory information about temperature, touch, vibration and pain, from the skin, joints, and muscles.
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Occipital lobe
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Lobe of the cerebrum that receives and analyzes sensory information from the eyes. Contains the visual cortex for the sense of sight.
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Frontal lobe
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Lobe of the cerebrum that predicts future events and consequences. Contains the gustatory cortex for the sense of taste.
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Cerebellum
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Small, rounded structure that is the most posterior part of the brain. It monitors muscle tone and position and coordinates muscle movements.
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Cephalalgia
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Pain in the head, commonly known as a headache
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Cerebrum
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The largest and most visible part of the brain. It's surface contains gyri and sulci, and it is divided into two hemispheres.
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Thalamus
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Area in the center of the cerebrum that is the relay station. It takes sensory nerve impulses from the cranial and spinal nerves and sends them to the midbrain of the cerebrum.
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Axon
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Part of the neuron that is a single, elongated branch of the opposite end from the dendrites. It conducts the electrical impulse and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse.
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Hydrocephalus
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Condition in which an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid is produced or the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid is blocked.
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Encephalitis
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Inflammation and infection of the brain caused by virus.
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Syncope
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Temporary loss of consciousness. A syncopal episode in which the patient becomes lightheaded and then faints and remains unconscious briefly.
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Dysphasia
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Limited impairment that involves some difficulty speaking or understanding words.
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Aphasia
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Loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing. Can occur with head trauma a stroke or Alzheimer's disease when there is a injury to the areas of brain that deal with language and the interpretation of sounds and symbols.
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Pons
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Middle part of the brainstem that relays nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum.
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Encephal/o-
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Brain
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Pleg/o-
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Paralysis
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Medulla oblongata
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Most inferior part of the brainstem that joins to the spinal cord. It relays nerve impulse from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. It contains the respiratory centers.
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Efferent nerves
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Nerves that carry motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord or brain to the body
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Afferent nerves
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Nerves that carry sensory nerves impulses from the body to the spinal cord or brain.
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Paraplegic
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An injury in the lower spinal cord with paralysis of the legs
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Quadriplegic
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An injury to the upper spinal cord with paralysis of all four extremities
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Corpus Callosum
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The only connection between the right and left hemisphere.
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Reflex
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A rapid involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord.
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Ventricles
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One of the four hollow chambers in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid. The two lateral____ are in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum. The small third ____ is between the two lobes of the thalamus. The long narrow fourth _____ connects to the spinal cavity.
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Concussion
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Traumatic injury to the brain that results in immediate loss of consciousness (LOC) for brief or prolonged period of time.
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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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Disruption of blockage of blood flow to the brain which causes tissue death known as a stroke
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TIA
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Temporary lack of originated blood to an area of the brain like a CVA but only last up to 24 hours (temporary stroke)
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Bell's palsy
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Weakness, drooping, or actual paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of the facial nerve.
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Hypothalamus
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Area in the center of the brain just below the thalamus that coordinates activities of the pons and the Medulla oblongata. It controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, sensation of hunger and thirst.
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Amnesia
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Partial or total (global) loss of memory by recent or remote (past) experiences. It is often a consequence of brain injury or stroke that damages the hippocampus where short-term memories are converted to long-term memory
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Dementia
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Disease of the brain in which many neurons of the cerebrum die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and there is progressive deterioration in mental function.
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MS
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Abbreviation for multiple sclerosis
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Hematoma
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Localized collection of blood that forms in the brain because of trauma to the cranium or the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or an AVM.
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Neuropathy
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General category for any type of disease or injury of to a nerve.
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Anesthesia
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Condition in which sensation of any type including touch, pressure, proprioception, or pain, has been lost. Local areas can occur temporarily when your hand goes numb from pressing on a nerve in your arms as you sleep.
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Radiculopathy
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Acute or chronic condition that occurs because of trauma, arthritis, or a herniated nucleus pulposus (HNO)
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Hyperesthesia
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Condition in which there is a heightened awareness and sensitivity to touch and increased response to painful stimuli.
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Neuron
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An individual nerve cell. The functional part of the nervous system.
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Neuralgia
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Cells that holds neurons in place and perform specialized task. Includes astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendroglia, and Schwann cells.
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Coma
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Deep state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in the brain, metabolic imbalance with a accumulation of waste products and blood (hepatic coma) or too little glucose in the blood (hypoglycemia)
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Concussion
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Traumatic injury to the brain that results in immediate loss of consciousness for brief or prolonged period of time
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EEG
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Abbreviation for electroencephalogram, electroencephalography
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Craniotomy
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Surgical incision into the cranium that exposes the brain tissue. Is the first phase of any type of brain surgery, such as removal of subdural hematoma or excising a brain tumor.
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CSF
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Abbreviation for cerebrospinal fluid
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CNS
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Abbreviation for central nervous system
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LP
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Abbreviation for lumbar puncture
