question

the need to identify death the need to identify multiple causes or etiologic factors of disease the need to identify injury the need to identify disability

answer

The advanced triangle of epidemiology attempts to capture which of the following?

question

identifying why a certain group of people developed a given disease

answer

Analytic Epidemiology may involve which of the following?

question

what harbors a disease

answer

The epidemiologic triangle is based on the communicable disease model and is useful in showing the interaction and interdependence of certain factors. Which of the following best describes the host?

question

point source epidemic

answer

An outbreak of salmonella traced to some chicken served at a potluck supper that was cooked and held at an improper temperature is an example of:

question

a nonliving intermediary such as a fomite, food, or water that conveys the infectious agent from its reservoir to a susceptible host

answer

In talking about disease transmission, you were introduced to the terms "vehicle" and "carrier." Which of the following statements best characterizes a vehicle?

question

mammograms for early detection of breast cancer and surgical intervention if necessary - secondary physical therapy for stroke victims - tertiary education about the hazards of cigarette smoking - primary

answer

Match the correct type of prevention to describe each prevention technique.

question

descriptive epidemiology

answer

Characterizing the distribution of health-related states or events according to person, place, and time is:

question

environmental factors agent host factors

answer

Referring to Rothman's pies, the different component causes may include which of the following?

question

frequency and pattern

answer

The definition of epidemiology includes the term "distribution." Which of the following best describes the components of distribution?

question

interpretation of health data analysis of health data dissemination collection of health data ALL OF THE ABOVE

answer

Public health surveillance involves all of the following except:

question

pneumonia and influenza

answer

The primary cause of death in 1900 was ____.

question

identifying the environment where an infectious agent resides

answer

All of the following are activities that fall under completing the clinical picture of disease except:

question

the ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program

answer

Effectiveness of a program refers to which of the following?

question

george soper

answer

Who found that people, not fomites, were the primary means of transmission of typhoid fever in his/her investigations in the early 1900s?

question

Introduced the terms epidemic and endemic. - hippocrates Exposed his wife and children to cowpox. - jest Insisted that observation should drive the study of disease. - thomas Applied experimental methods to identify that oranges and lemons were effective remedies for scurvy. - lind Demonstrated that cholera could be transmitted through contaminated water.- john snow

answer

Match the following individuals with their historical contributions.

question

morbidity statistics

answer

Edgar Sydenstricker's primary contribution was in the development of which of the following

question

acute and chronic

answer

John Graunt divided disease into two types and causes. What are these?

question

all of the above

answer

William Farr has been described as the founder of modern epidemiology. In what way did he contribute to public health?

question

cohort

answer

The Framingham study involves which type of study design? Select all that apply.

question

case control cohort

answer

In their investigation of the association between smoking and lung cancer, what type of study design did Doll and Hill use? Select all that apply.

question

john graunt

answer

In the seventeenth century, the microscope was first used in the works of all of the following individuals except which?

question

variolation

answer

The Chinese made the observation that if one had a weak strain of smallpox, one would not get a strong strain of smallpox later. This situation is termed:

question

She often ministered to soldiers throughout the night.

answer

Why was Florence Nightingale referred to in the Times as the "Lady of the Lamp"?

question

vitamin defieceny

answer

The primary cause of beriberi, rickets, and pellagra is which of the following

question

chronic disease

answer

"Latency period" is a term used in context with which of the following?

question

all of the above

answer

Chronic diseases and conditions are caused by all of the following except which?

question

the stage of presymptomatic disease

answer

The incubation period is associated with which stage?

question

fomites

answer

Inanimate objects that serve a role in disease transmission are called what?

question

carriers

answer

Humans who contain, spread, or harbor an infectious organism are called what?

question

a virus that produces disease a microorganism that produces disease a source of or cause of communicable disease a parasite capable of producing disease ALL OF THE ABOVE

answer

A pathogen can be all of the following except which?

question

true

answer

Antibiotics work against pathogens because of their toxicity

question

antigen

answer

Which of the following stimulates the immune system?

question

quarentine

answer

What is an important public health measure used historically to control the spread of disease?

question

whooping cough

answer

Since it is more difficult to identify diseases with longer incubation periods, for which of the following diseases would it be most difficult to identify the probable cause?

question

the disease-evoking power of a pathogen

answer

What is virulence?

question

85 percent

answer

John Salk suggested that herd immunity required what percentage of immunity in the population or group?

question

congenital and hereditary diseases allergies and inflammatory diseases degenerative diseases metabolic diseases ALL OF THE ABOVE

answer

Diseases may be classified into general categories. Which of the following is classified into general categories?

question

etiology

answer

The science and study of the causes of disease and their modes of operation is referred to as what?

question

anything BUT paralysis

answer

Which impairment is a result of leprosy?

question

dependency ratio

answer

The relationship between the potential to be self-supporting by age and the dependent segments of the population by age, in other words, those portions of the population not in the work force, are called what?

question

cyclical pattern

answer

A time trend in chickenpox is best referred to as a what?

question

protection and selection

answer

Which two theories have been proposed to explain better health among married individuals?

question

both design and analysis

answer

Matching in a case-control study is a strategy used to control for confounding. This approach involves what level of the study?

question

false

answer

Controlling for confounding and effect modification is of primary interest in epidemiologic studies.

question

true

answer

An effective way to increase statistical power in a case-control study with limited cases is to increase the ratio of controls to cases.

question

experimental

answer

In order to monitor the effects of an assigned exposure for each individual in a study, which study type is most appropriate?

question

case control

answer

Which study design is more prone to differential misclassification because of recall and interviewer bias?

question

obtain up to 1:4 match

answer

In a case-control study, the number of cases might be restricted to a small number. How might the researchers improve their statistical power?

question

odds ratio

answer

Which statistic is most appropriate for measuring the strength of the association between an exposure and disease in a case-control study?

question

false

answer

Bias is best controlled at the analysis stage of a study.

question

true

answer

Bias due to confounding is more a concern in double cohort studies than cohort studies.

question

13.3 percent

answer

What percent breast cancer in the population is attributed to chest x-ray.

question

cohort

answer

Which study design is most appropriate when considering rare exposures (risk factors) in an observational study?

question

cross-sectional

answer

Which of the following is typically not a type of analytic epidemiology study?

question

true

answer

Recall bias in a case-control study results in differential misclassification.

question

incidence density rate

answer

The rate ratio involves which of the following?

question

false

answer

A confounder may influence the association between two variables if it is statistically associated with either the exposure or the disease outcome, but not necessarily both.

question

cohort

answer

When several potential outcomes are being investigated with a given exposure, which study design is more appropriate in an observational study?

question

neither confounding or effect modification

answer

Consider the situation in a case-control study where the crude odds ratio is 2.6, the stratum 1 odds ratio is 2.5, and the stratum 2 odds ratio is 5.5. Which of the following is present?

question

general population

answer

Selection of controls in a case-control study may involve the general population, hospitals, and special populations (family, friends, and relatives). Which of these sources of controls is likely to be most costly?

question

cohort

answer

Which study design may be either retrospective or prospective?

question

rate ratio

answer

What is an appropriate measure of statistical association in a cohort study involving person-time rates?

question

Of those dying of lung cancer that smoke, 85 percent of those deaths are attributed to their smoking, assuming a causal association exists.

answer

An attributable-risk percent of 85 was calculated for the association between smoking and lung cancer death. Which of the following provides the best interpretation of these statistics?

question

a valid result

answer

What is the primary objective of any case-control or cohort study?

question

general population

answer

Which of these sources of controls in a case-control study is not likely to dampen the estimated association between exposure and disease?

question

risk ratio

answer

What is an appropriate measure of statistical association in a cohort study involving attack rates?

question

Approximately 30 percent of heart disease is attributed to physical inactivity.

answer

Suppose that the population attributable-risk percent in an analysis assessing the relationship between physical inactivity and heart disease was 30 percent (assume causal association exists). Which of the following best defines this result?

question

true

answer

Double cohort studies are better suited for assessing the relationship between exposure and disease outcomes when the exposure is rare.

question

false

answer

Another name for prevalence-incidence bias is Berkson's bias.

question

special population

answer

Which of these sources of controls in a case-control study is likely to provide the best control over confounder?

question

why

answer

Descriptive epidemiology includes all except which?

question

a b a b

answer

Categorize each of the following as either descriptive epidemiology or analytic epidemiology

question

ecologic

answer

For which of the following study designs is the unit of analysis aggregated data on the population level instead of the individual level data?

question

false

answer

A case series can be used to test for the presence of a valid statistical association.

question

true

answer

Cross-sectional surveys can be used to measure the prevalence of a health-related state or event.

question

false

answer

Cross-sectional surveys allow us to establish a time sequence of events.

question

all

answer

A confounding variable may do which of the following to the estimated relationship between two variables? Select all that apply.

question

it applies to the individual

answer

Which of the following is not a reason for using an ecologic study?

question

true

answer

Ecological studies are susceptible to confounding.

question

nominal

answer

Unordered categories or classes represent what type of data?

question

anything but ordinal

answer

A dichotomous or binary variable represents what type of data?

question

incidense density rate

answer

A person-time incidence rate may also be referred to as: (Select all that apply)

question

44.8/100

answer

At a church Christmas party, 87 persons in the community of 460 residents attended a social event that included a meal prepared by some of the church members. Within three days, 39 of those attending the party became ill with a condition diagnosed as salmonellosis. The attack rate among participants was:

question

not 67

answer

In Los Angeles, public health authorities identified 100 people with disease X. These cases came from 40 affected households with 230 people living in the households. Assuming that each household had only one primary case and that each primary case attended a local daycare center, what is the secondary attack rate?

question

all

answer

All of the following influence the prevalence proportion except which?

question

462

answer

Based on the female population as the standard, what is the age-adjusted malignant cancer incidence rate per 100,000 for males?

question

incidence density rates

answer

The rate ratio involves which of the following?

question

two

answer

How many additional or contributing causes of death can be listed on the death certificate?

question

infant mortality rate

answer

The number of deaths among infants ages 0-1 year during a specified time period divided by the number of live births in the same time period is called what?

question

proportion but not a mortality rate

answer

The fraction shown below would calculate what?

question

true

answer

Legal authority for the registration of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and fetal deaths resides individually with the fifty states, Washington, DC, and five territories (Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands).

question

false

answer

There is typically a strong relationship between the infant mortality rate, the crude death rate, and life expectancy.

question

not all of the above

answer

Why have health indicators typically been related to births and deaths rather than morbidity?

question

descriptive

answer

What kind of epidemiology uses several indices to identify the health status of populations?

question

100

answer

he case fatality rate usually has a rate base of what?

question

not birth rate

answer

What health indicator is used to identify the average number of births per woman?

question

false

answer

Morbidity is the epidemiologic and vital statistics term for death.

question

years of potential life lost

answer

What is a measure of public health directly related to the value of human life and the economic implications of the loss of individuals in a society called?

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