question

Environmental health

answer

addresses all the phsical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors

question

Which of the following statements about zoonotic disease is most likely to be true?

answer

An animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from syptoms

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Methods of transmission of zoonotic pathogens include

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Contact with skin bite or scratch of an animal direct inhalation ingestion of contaminated foods

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The estimated global burden of disease linked to environmental sources is

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25-33%

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Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards?

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their immune systems are still developing they may be exposed more often to toxins in the soil they may be exposed more often to toxins in the outdoor air they may inadvertently ingest toxic substances

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Reasons for the potential spread of h1n1 influenza (swine flu) include

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intensive animal husbandry practices

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The natural population replacement fertility rate in the US is

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2.1 births

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The epidemiological risk transition is characterized by a

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growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases

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Stage 2 of the demographic transition demonstrates

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drop in mortality rates, high fertility rates

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The effects of rapid growth of the worlds population include

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urbanization overtaxing carrying capacity food insecurity loss of biodiversity

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environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by

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physical biological social psychosocial factors

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Which of the following statements is untrue about ecosystems

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human beings are not considered to be a part of ecosystems

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On airs, waters, and places was significant because it

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emphasized the role of the environment in people's health

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Affluent romans may have suffered from chronic lead poisoning frum lead pipes used to carry the water supply

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True

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a contemporary environmental issue is the release of greenhouse gases and their possible contribution to climate change

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True

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The contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include

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concern with populations use of observational data methodology for study designs descriptive and analytic studies

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Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease. What statement below is true about the triangle

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Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and enviornment

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Sir Percival Pott

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was a london surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

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Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiological approach

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study of cancer occurrence in populations

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who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases

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hippocrates

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the risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by

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the incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

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Incidence rate =

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number of new cases over population at risk

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examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include

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experimental studies do include: cohort studies, counts, case series, and cross-sectional studies

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which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies

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they are a type of longitudinal design true= exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively, the measure of association is the odds ratio, exposure levels may be difficult to quantify precisely, they can examine many potential exposures

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Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies

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subjects are classified according to their exposure they are a type of longitudinal design they may be either prospective or retrospective they measure of association is called relative risk

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Hills criteria of causality include

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strength consistency temporality biological gradient

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the limitation of enviornmental epidemiology include the fact that

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accurate assessment of exposure is difficult environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes the effects of exposures are often non-specific

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an ecologic study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis

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true

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a relative risk of lass that 1 means there is a positive association between exposure and outcome

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false

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one of the founders of toxicology was

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paracelsus

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which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicologu

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studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables likely: lab studies of the role of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis in mice, in vitro studies, in vivo studies,

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the poisonous substance in Amanity phalloides is an example of a

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toxin

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the existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information

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causal association between a toxin and biological effects minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

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the concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

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route of entry into the body received dose of the chemical duration of exposure individual sensitivity

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one fo the following routes of exposure are common

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ingestion and inhalation

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subacute exposures are those that last for

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one month or less

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exposure assessment refers to the question of

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what exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions

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risk characterization refers to the question of

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what is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population

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specific examples of xenobiotics are

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antibiotics, therapeutic drugs, dioxins, PCBs

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what type of combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together

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additive

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what type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical that is not toxic to become more toxic

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potentiative

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an example of in vitro testing for toxicology is

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experiments with cells derived from human sources

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what problem may be encountered in the problem definition state

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poorly defined problems

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what problem may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?

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lack of government support

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the precautionary principle states that

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preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

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The agency responsible for environmental regulation at the international level is the

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WHO

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the principle of environmental sustainability states that

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a strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

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NIOSH

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conduct research to reduce work-related injuries and illnesses

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NIEHS

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Reduce the burden of human illness and dysfunction due to environmental causes

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EPA

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develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by congress

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ATSDR

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Serve as the principal federal public agency involved with hazardous waste issues

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Which of the following acts regulates pesticides in food

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federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act

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the concept of environmental justice specifies that

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all people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental law

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Which of the following statements about zoonotic diseases is most likely to be true?

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An animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms.

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Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include

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a. Contact with the skin b. Bite or scratch of an animal c. Direct inhalation d. Ingestion of contaminated foods e. All of the above

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Examples of disease vectors are:

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a. Rats and mice b. Mosquitoes c. Ticks d. Sand flies e. All of the above

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The causative agent for malaria is a type of

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protozoa

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the infectious agent for plague is a

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bacterium

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in the western US the natural reservoir for plague is

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ground squirrels

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arboviral diseases:

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a. Refer to arthropod-borne viral diseases b. Can produce central nervous system illness c. Are most often spread by mosquitoes d. May produce acute self-limited fevers e. All of the above

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Which of the following is not an arboviral disease

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rabies

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Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include

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a. Changes in agriculture b. Environmental changes c. Mass food processing technology d. Urbanization e. All of the above

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The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is

answer

Rodents

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Hydrophobia is known as

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rabies

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Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include:

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a. Monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds b. Removing standing water around the home c. Use of mosquito-eating fish d. Wearing long clothing e. All of the above

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Which of the following statements about anthrax is untrue

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the inhalation forms is always fatal

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Minimata disease was associated with ingestion of seafoods tainted with

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mercury

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itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning associated with ingestion of

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cadmium

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Which of the following metals is not classified as a major toxic metal with multiple effects?

answer

Silver

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Substances on the National Priorities List (United States) have the following characteristics:

answer

a. They have known or suspected toxicity. b. They have potential for human exposure. c. They appear frequently in uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites. d. They are scheduled for possible remediation under Superfund. e. All of the above

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Possible methods for exposure to metals include

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a. Inhalation of dusts b. Inhalation of metal fumes c. Skin contact with dusts d. Ingestion e. All of the above

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Biomagnification of heavy metals is a particular hazard associated with

answer

mercury

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For fetuses, infants, and children, the hazards of heavy metals include:

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a. Impairment of physical and mental development b. Damage to internal organs c. Brain damage d. Some forms of cancer e. All of the above

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Diffuse and spotted melanosis and skin cancers are assoicated with ingestion of

answer

arsenic

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lead exposures can arise from

answer

a. Lead paint used in homes b. Certain types of pottery c. Lead dusts brought home from work d. Tap water from soldered pipes e. All of the above

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Methylation is a process that involves which of the following metals?

answer

Mercury

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One of the most frequent methods of exposure to Beryllium is

answer

workers inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries

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DDT has been found to

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accumulate in the tissues of many animals cause a significant number of accidental deaths

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pesticides are

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a. Always highly toxic to humans b. All synthetic chemicals c. Always the best weapon against insect pests d. All of the above e. None of the above

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Agent Orange is an example of an

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herbicide

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One of the concerns that surrounded the use of Agent Orange was that it

answer

contained very small amounts of dioxin

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Concerns regarding pesticide use include

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a. Potential harm to agricultural workers b. Undesirable effects upon cattle c. Drift into schools and homes d. Unintentional killing of pets

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Which statement about dioxins is untrue

answer

they are never produced in the natural environment

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the health effects of exposure to dioxins include

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a. Chloracne b. Skin rashes c. Liver damage d. Endocrine effects

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PCBs are

answer

persistent in the environment

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A disadvantage of hazardous chemicals is not that they

answer

are essential to the functioning of modern society

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The endotoxin produced by genetically modified BT corn is an example of what type of pesticide

answer

biopesticide

question

Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei and is radioactive is:

answer

A radioisotope

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The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is not affected by

answer

physical size or weight of the radioactive source

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Which of the following forms of radiation can pass thru your body

answer

gama rays and x rays

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a measure of the tissue-specific biologically effective dose of radiation

answer

the rem or sievert

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a measure of the absorbed dose of radiation is

answer

the rad of gray

question

identify the incorrect statement

answer

alpha and beta particles pose little or no hazard to human health

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Bodily injury from radiation depends on

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a. Exposure dose b. The cumulative effects of exposure c. Whether the whole body or part of the body is exposed d. Individual susceptibility

question

What is/are he risk factors that can explian why thyroid cancer is causally associated with the Chernobyl

answer

a. Population exposure to radioactive iodine b. Diets deficient in normal iodine d. Children and adolescent exposures

question

Alpha radiation is non-penetrating and therefore

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it is dangerous when ingested or inhaled and localizes in certain tissues

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The term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of the occurrence of an adverse health event is:

answer

Stochastic or chronic effect

question

sources of non-ionizing radiation include

answer

a. Radiation from power lines b. Radio waves c. Infrared radiation d. Visible light radiation

question

A major concern of exposure to extremely low frequency radiation has been

answer

childhood leukemia and brain cancers

question

the portion of the optical spectrum (non-ionizing radiation) that has been most closely associated with adverse human health effects is:

answer

UVB

question

The most dangerous health effect linked to cell phone use is

answer

traffic accidents

question

The Love Canal Site

answer

a. Was a notorious toxic waste site in New York State b. Led to the creation of the Superfund c. Was repopulated in the 1990s d. Generated concerns about the health of residents who lived in the area

question

Surveillance pyramid

answer

a. Reported to Health Dept./CDC b. Laboratory-confirmed case/ lab tests for organisms c. Specimen obtained d. Person seeks care e. Person becomes ill f. Exposure in the general population

question

Acid rain

answer

- The precipitation of acidic compounds formed when components of air pollution interact with other components in the air

question

Listeriosis is a common food borne disease in the us

answer

false

question

listeriosis poses a high adverse risk to the developing fetus

answer

true

question

like most bacterial pathogens, listeria grows poorly at fridge temp

answer

false

question

smog is

answer

a mixture of pollutants principally ground-level ozone

question

disinfection of drinking water with chlorine or other methods is done to remove

answer

pathogenic microorganisms

question

the ensure the safety of all drinking water from the public water supple in the US standards are set by

answer

EPA

question

Madhatters disease refers to

answer

mercury poisoning

question

Which of the following is an interpretation of the Delaney Clause?

answer

- Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

question

14. Which of the following effects has been associated with air pollution?

answer

a. damage to materials b. increases in the daily mortality rate c. aggravation of heart disease d. exacerbation of asthma

question

15. Foodborne illness caused by bacteria such as Salmonella can cause a chronic condition called Reiter's syndrome, What is are the symptoms?

answer

a. painful urination b. eye irritation

question

16. Sources of job stress include:

answer

a. Work overload b. Job insecurity c. Job dissatisfaction d. Inadequate compensation

question

Acute health effects of air pollution include

answer

a. Breathlessness and burning eyes b. Cough and chest pains c. Nausea and headache d. Airway resistance and asthma

question

The potential impacts of global warming include

answer

a. Changes in the distribution of vector-borne diseases b. Melting of glaciers c. Rising sea levels d. Extreme climatic conditions

question

Irradiation as a method of food preservation is

answer

best for many types of mean and some fruits

question

leachate denotes

answer

water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes

question

The US agency tasked generally with assuring the safety of all domestic and imported food with the exception of meat, poultry, and dried and liquid eggs is the:

answer

FDA

question

Clean Air Act of 1970 required

answer

the EPA to set up air quality standards

question

which of the following is inappropriate for composting?

answer

fats, oils, and grease

question

the microbial agent vibrio cholera is an example of

answer

a bacterial enteropathogen

question

the primary state of sewage processing involves

answer

settlement of suspended solids

question

two main sources of drinking water are

answer

surface water and ground water

question

improperly vented indoor cooking stoves can

answer

a. Impair the health of the elderly b. Expose women to high pollution levels c. Cause indoor air pollution in developing countries d. Expose infants to indoor air pollution

question

The advantages of genetically modified foods do not include

answer

reduction in genetic diversity

question

Threshold limit values are

answer

- Airborne concentrations of substances that represent conditions under which nearly all workers may be infected

question

Chemical hazards that may be present in food include

answer

a. Marine toxins b. Heavy metals c. Monosodium glutamate d. Mushroom toxins

question

US bottled drinking water standards are set by

answer

none of the above

question

in dry climates in the western US the major source of water is for

answer

landscapes

question

the diesase causing agent for hep a is an example of a

answer

viral pathogen

question

which of the following pollutants is not listed by the EPA as a criteria air pollutant

answer

smog

question

35. Legionnaire's disease is a chronic, cardiovascular condition associated with exposure to airborne particulate matter-

answer

False

question

36. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a disease in which your lungs become inflamed when you breath in certain dusts to which you are allergic-

answer

True

question

A major contributor to acid rain is

answer

SO2

question

food additives are used to achieve the following except

answer

keep food free from rodent filth

question

foodborne illness monitoring, what is pulsed filed gel electrophoresis used for?

answer

- Bacterial pathogen detection and identification

question

The worst marine spill in history was

answer

the deep water horizon oil spill

question

agent responsible for many publicized outbreak of gastrointestinal illness on cruise ships is:

answer

norovirus

question

Coagulation during water treatment is designed to remove

answer

particles suspended in water

question

US agency tasked with assuring the safety of meat, poultry, and dried and liquid eggs is the:

answer

USDA

question

Methods for investigating foodborne outbreak include:

answer

a. Case identification b. Descriptive epidemiologic study c. Listing the foods served d. Collection samples of blood, stools, and vomitus

question

the most favored method for waste management is

answer

source reduction

question

advantages of recycling

answer

a. Reduces greenhouse gas emissions b. Prevents water pollution c. Preserves raw materials d. Decreases burden on landfills

question

hazards associated with sanitary landfill operations include

answer

a. Spreading of disease by scavenging animals b. Leaching of nutrients into adjacent waterways c. Air pollution d. Release of VOCs

question

which of the following statements about incineration is untrue

answer

combustion removes all carinogens and heavy metals

question

product that could be used as a fuel of anaerobic decomposition of garbage in a landfill is

answer

Methan

question

waste denotes

answer

materials that are perceived to be of negative value

question

occupational disease caused by the inhalation of certain dust particles is called:

answer

pneumoconiosis

question

the health consequences of exposure to high intensity noise include

answer

a. Cardiovascular effects b. Exacerbation of high blood pressure c. Increase in stress levels d. Sleep deprivation

question

temperate inversion causes

answer

greater concentration of pollutants close to the earths surface

question

which of the following is an example of a suspected carcinogen found in urban air

answer

none of the above

question

which statement about irradiation is false

answer

source of radioactivity in foods

question

a justification for the hazard analysis of critical control is that

answer

health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

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