question

True or False? Epidemiology is an observational science that capitalizes on naturally occurring situations.

answer

True

question

Specializations that contribute to epidemiology include:

answer

sociology, history, law

question

Which of the following is NOT considered a use of epidemiology:

answer

To provide healthcare services to specific individuals

question

True or False? Rates can be expressed in terms of any unit size of population that is convenient.

answer

True

question

True or False? Lifetime prevalence refers to all cases of a disease diagnosed at any time during a person's lifetime.

answer

True

question

Epidemiologists can plot data and present it graphically through:

answer

bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts

question

According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000) would be expressed as:

answer

(C/B) × 100,000

question

True or False? The major deficiency of reportable and notifiable data for epidemiologic research purposes is the possible incompleteness of population coverage.

answer

True

question

The death of a fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered is known as:

answer

Fetal mortality

question

The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 is known as:

answer

General fertility rate

question

The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the:

answer

Perinatal mortality rate

question

True or False? Cross-sectional studies measure relationships between diseases and other variables at a particular time.

answer

True

question

What factors may be considered when measuring socioeconomic status?

answer

income level, occupation typer, education level

question

Health events that are related in time reflect:

answer

Temporal clustering

question

The term that indicates cases of disease that occur in a specific geographic region is:

answer

Spatial clustering

question

True or False? A noncausal association is one that is not due to chance or random factors.

answer

False

question

Study design and sample size do not affect the validity of the study.

answer

False

question

Randomization of participants into one of several treatment groups is a key characteristic of a randomized control trail study design.

answer

True

question

Odds ratio = Ciexposed/(1/ciexposed)/Ciunexposed/(1/ciunexposed)

answer

False

question

Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods

answer

Secular trends

question

Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those spread by:

answer

Person to person contact, crowding

question

The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is:

answer

Multifactorial

question

Biostatistics is:

answer

the application of statistical principles in medicine, public health, or biology.

question

Study design is:

answer

the methodology used to collect the information to address the research question.

question

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

answer

Prevalence refers to the extent of a disease at a point in time, whereas incidence refers to the development of disease over a specified time.

question

Data in the following table represent diabetes among smokers and non-smokers. No Diabetes Diabetes Nonsmoker 3700 1300 5000 Smoker 2400 2000 4400 6100 3300 9400 What is the point prevalence of diabetes among smokers? Note: This data is fictitious.

answer

0.45 or 45

question

The following is a table from the Utah Department of Health Weekly Influenza Report from 5/2/2015. According to the U.S. Census Bureau the most recent estimates put total Utah population at 2,942,902. Using this data, what is the state wide cumulative incidence of influenza hospitalizations per 100,000 for the season to date?

answer

45.87

question

True or False? E. coli O157:H7 is an example of an emerging infection.

answer

True

question

True or False? Passive immunity is not acquired from antibodies produced by another person or animal.

answer

False

question

True or False? In developed countries, chronic health problems have replaced infectious diseases as the leading killers during the past century.

answer

True

question

The severity of a disease produced by an infectious agent is referred to as:

answer

Virulence

question

Examples of infections caused by indirect transmission of disease agents include:

answer

Vehicle-borne infections, Airborne infections, Vector-borne infections

question

The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals is known as:

answer

an infection

question

A study is designed to evaluate the effect of marriage status on blood pressure. Marital status is recorded as Divorced, Married, Separated, Single, or Widowed. Blood pressure is taken for each participant and recorded as Low, Normal, or High. What type of variable is Blood pressure in this study?

answer

Ordinal

question

Which measure will answer the question: "What is the probability that I do not have the disease if my test comes back negative?"

answer

negative predictive value

question

The blood glucose of 15 diabetic patients was measured and recorded. The values are as follows: 93, 88, 101, 97, 43, 123, 46, 49, 84, 91, 169, 80, 159, 108, 111 What is the standard deviation of the values?

answer

36.29 (with margin: 0.2)

question

The blood glucose of 15 diabetic patients was measured and recorded. The values are as follows: 78, 184, 158, 183, 94, 69, 105, 155, 84, 115, 112, 56, 136, 90, 59 What is the standard deviation of the values?

answer

42.5657 (with margin: 0.2)

question

The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the standard deviation of the values?

answer

12.65 (with margin: 0.5)

question

The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the median?

answer

82 (with margin: 0)

question

We have a headache medication that is known to be effective in 70% of patients who take it. If we give the medication to 10 patients, what is the probability that exactly 7 of them will report relief?

answer

26.68 (with margin: 0.05) or 0.2668 (with margin: 0.0005)

question

We have a headache medication that is known to be effective in 70% of patients who take it. If we give the medication to 10 patients, what is the probability that exactly 5 of them will report relief?

answer

10.29 (with margin: 0.5) or 0.1029 (with margin: 0.005)

question

Over the past year a group of family practice physicians have seen 3,500 boys, 4,200 girls, 7,700 pediatric patients total. The physicians want to select pediatric patients for a study using a simple random sample. What is the probability that they will select a boy from their population of pediatric patients?

answer

45.45 (with margin: 0.5) or 0.4545 (with margin: 0.005)

question

A histogram is an appropriate graphical display for ordinal variables.

answer

True

question

A probability is a number that reflects the likelihood that a particular event will occur.

answer

True

question

Case-control studies are useful when the outcome of interest is rare.

answer

True

question

Categorical data is best displayed in a box-whisker plot.

answer

False

question

Epidemiology is:

answer

study of health and illness in human populations, patters of health or disease, and the factors that influence them.

question

Prevalence = Ciexposed/(1/ciexposed)/Ciunexposed/(1/ciunexposed)

answer

False

question

Identify the following formula: # of persons with disease / # of persons examined at baseline

answer

point prevalence

question

A study is designed to evaluate the effect of marriage status on blood pressure. Marital status is recorded as Divorced, Married, Separated, Single, or Widowed. Blood pressure is taken for each participant and recorded as Low, Normal, or High. What type of variable is Marital status?

answer

Categorical

question

The probability that a disease-free person will screen negative is captured by which measure?

answer

Specificity

question

The probability that a diseased person will screen positive is captured through which measure:

answer

Sensitivity

question

The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the IQR (Inter quartile range) of the values?

answer

14 (with margin: 1.5)

question

The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the mean of the values?

answer

80.33 (with margin: 0.5)

question

The table below represents data from pregnant women who were heavy drinkers and non-heavy drinkers and the outcome of their pregnancy. Calculate the odds ratio for miscarriage in women who have heavy alcohol use. Miscarriage Delivered Full Term Total Heavy Alcohol Use 35 10 45 No Heavy Alcohol Use 55 75 130 Total 90 85 175

answer

4.77 (with margin: 0.5)

question

True or False? AIDS is an example of a nationally notifiable disease.

answer

True

question

True or False? Those who occupy the lowest SES positions have excesses of morbidity and mortality from various causes.

answer

True

question

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:

answer

The population at risk

question

Examples of information collected by fetal death certificates include:

answer

Name, Congenital anomalies, disposition

question

Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to:

answer

Climate, access to healthcare, cultural factors

question

The cycle of epidemiologic research includes which of the following categories:

answer

Thoery, Hypothesis, Operationalization

question

A range of values that with a certain degree of probability contain the population parameter is known as a:

answer

Confidence interval estimate

question

Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study?

answer

prospective cohort study

question

Foodborne illnesses can be prevented by:

answer

Washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared

question

Estimation is the process of determining a likely value for a population parameter based on a random sample.

answer

T

question

When calculating a confidence interval, the confidence level (e.g. 90% or 95%) is chosen by the investigator.

answer

T

question

A hypothesis reflects the investigators belief about the parameter.

answer

T

question

A confidence interval (CI) is a range of values that are likely to cover the true population _____________.

answer

parameter

question

--- X ± z*s/√n

answer

One sample, continuous

question

If we set the alpha at a=0.05 and our p value is p=0.001, what should our conclusion be?

answer

We reject the null hypothesis

question

There was a large population based study that collected BMI as one of the study variables. There were 4,000 observations of BMI with a mean of 29.25 and a standard deviation of 4.65. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for this mean. What is the Lower bound value for the confidence interval? (i.e. confidence intervals are reported: (lower bound, upper bound) you just need to enter the lower bound value).

answer

29.11 (with margin: 0.05)

question

An investigator is testing a new weight-loss intervention. The following table contains matched before and after weights for 15 study participants. Calculate the confidence interval for the mean difference in the before and after weights. What is the lower limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (lower limit, upper limit), you just need to report the lower limit. Patient Sample 1 Sample 2 1 198 180 2 210 215 3 268 232 4 250 220 5 300 238 6 295 240 7 240 206 8 235 185 9 232 197 10 248 228 11 268 245 12 272 202 13 286 223 14 291 240 15 273 275

answer

-48.61 (with margin: 0.05) Formula: -36 ± 2.145* 22.769/√15

question

A population health survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of select chronic conditions. Diabetes was one of these conditions. There were 4,000 respondents to the survey and 1,532 of them reported having diabetes. What is the Lower limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (upper bound, lower bound) you just need to submit the lower bound limit. Hint: you must calculate the rate before you can calculate the confidence interval.

answer

0.368 (with margin: 0.02) Formula: 0.383-1.96√((0.383(1-0.383))/4000)

question

According to the NCHS per capita spending on healthcare is rising dramatically. In 2013 the per capita spending was $7,826. You are interested to know if the trend continues. You take a sample of 100 people and find that they spent an average of $6,502 with a standard deviation of $540. To find the significance of this difference you need to conduct a z-test. What is the z-score or z-statistic?

answer

-24.519 (with margin: 0.5) or 24.519 (with margin: 0.5)

question

The ANOVA test is intended to be used with only one group.

answer

F

question

The margin of error or E is used in calculating sample size.

answer

T

question

Regression analysis is a technique to assess the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. It can be used to prove cause and effect.

answer

F

question

Continuous outcome, two matched samples: n = (Zod/E)2 Continuous outcome, two independent samples: n = 2(Zo/E)2 Dichotomous outcome, one sample: n = p(1-p)(Z/E)2 Continuous outcome, one sample: n = (Zo/E)2

answer

Continuous outcome, two matched samples: n = (Zod/E)2 Continuous outcome, two independent samples: n = 2(Zo/E)2 Dichotomous outcome, one sample: n = p(1-p)(Z/E)2 Continuous outcome, one sample: n = (Zo/E)2

question

The appropriate method to determine whether a variable is a confounder or not is:

answer

All of the above are appropriate methods and can be used either alone or in combination when the circumstances and data are appropriate.

question

The Mannn-Whitney U, (Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test) is used to test:

answer

Whether two samples are likely to derive from the same population

question

You have a group of physicians performing a new surgery. You are interested to know if there is a difference in the amount of time each of the physicians patients are spending in the hospital. You use SPSS to run an ANOVA test on the average length of stay for each of the physicians. Given the SPSS output below select the appropriate conclusion. Your alpha is 0.05 and the critical value of F is 3.74.

answer

There is a significant difference in the average length of stay because the value of F is greater than the critical value.

question

You are the administrator of a Department of Veterans Affairs clinic. With the resent attention given to the number of Veterans waiting to be seen by physicians, you track each of the three physicians assigned to your clinic. You track the number of patients that they saw over a week (5 day) period. To begin your analysis and process improvement, you want to evaluate if there is a significant different between the physicians. Use the data below to calculate a One-Way ANVOA. Report your calculated value for F. N=15 --- X = 15.8 DR_ID Pts Seen 1 16 1 12 1 14 1 13 1 11 2 20 2 19 2 22 2 18 2 20 3 14 3 18 3 15 3 13 3 12 Overall Mean 15.8

answer

16.5536 (with margin: 0.5)

question

As a researcher you interested if there is a significant difference in immunizations in those in low socioeconomic status and those in high socioeconomic status. To evaluate this you use the data below to calculate a Chi-Square (χ2). Socioeconomic Status High Low Total Immunized 200 350 550 Not Immunized 100 750 850 Total 300 1100 1400

answer

120.013 (with margin: 0.5)

question

You are designing a study to look at birth outcomes of teenage pregnancies. The first variable you want to evaluate is birth weight. You want to know how many teenage mothers you need to sample in order to accurately measure the mean birth weight of babies born to mothers age 15 and under. Your confidence interval is 95% and your margin of error cannot exceed 100 g. You have an estimated mean birth weight of 3300 g with a standard deviation of 250 g based on information you have obtained from the State Office of Vital Records. Conduct a sample size calculation. What is the smallest number of teenage mothers you will need to make an accurate estimate?

answer

24.01 (with margin: 1)

question

True or False? Reliability is synonymous with precision, whereas validity is synonymous with sensitivity.

answer

F

question

True or False? Laws and regulations are developed as methods of policy implementation.

answer

T

question

True or False? The first phase of the policy cycle is regarded as the most crucial phase of the policy development process.

answer

T

question

True or False? Social and behavioral dimensions that impact human health include social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices.

answer

T

question

True or False? Smoking around children does not increases the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

answer

F

question

True or False? Molecular epidemiology uses molecular markers in addition to genes to establish exposure-disease relationships.

answer

T

question

True or False? In the U.S. (2006), 98.5% of the category of nonfatal occupational injury and illness consisted of injuries.

answer

F

question

The ability of a screening test to identify correctly all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to:

answer

Sensitivity

question

A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society is known as:

answer

An interest group

question

Individuals who are involved in policy formulation, including members of the legislature, citizens, lobbyists and advocacy-group representatives are known as:

answer

Policy actors

question

Alcohol consumption by underaged persons is associated with which of the following consequences:

answer

Problems at school

question

Mood disorders include which of the following:

answer

Dysthymia, Any bipolar disorder, Major depressive episode

question

The study of the roles of consumption of high-fat foods and sedentary lifestyle in health is the domain of:

answer

Behavioral epidemiology

question

The events that occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania (1948) and London, England (1952) were related to:

answer

Extreme air pollution episodes

question

A host factor that enhances some step in the progression between exposure and disease such that the downstream step is more likely to occur is known as a:

answer

Genetic marker of susceptibility

question

In 2005, the largest number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents occurred among persons aged:

answer

15-24 years

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