Sociology 120 – Flashcards

Anomie refers to a

A social scientist would be likely to study the

According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life would be passed on from one generation to the next if it

A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society

In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between

C. Wright Mills advocated the use of the sociological imagination to view divorce in the United States because divorce

Sociology, anthropology, economics, and history study various aspects of human society and are therefore considered

Children who experience divorce in their family are more likely to experience divorce themselves when they are adults. This could be considered an example of a

Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of which theoretical perspective?

An ideal type is a(n)

Émile Durkheim's study of suicide related suicide rates to

An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability is known as a

Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy White males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the

Émile Durkheim is known for his classic sociological study of

Contemporary conflict theorists are concerned with the conflict between

The scientific study of social behavior and human groups is known as

The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called

In examining any aspect of society, which sociological perspective emphasizes the contribution that aspect makes to overall social stability?

In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the working class must

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as

Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership is the

Validity refers to

Regina wants to study the homeless in her hometown. In order to do so, she lives at a homeless shelter for a month. During this time, she does everything that the women she is studying does and tells no one of her true identity. This method would be

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a

A research design is a(n)

Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of

A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?

A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the

An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables and to introduce control variables is known as a(n)

A research measure that provides consistent results is considered

What sociological perspective would most likely suggest that educational inequalities are purposeful and set up to reinforce the position of those in power?

If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a

"Data indicate that people who prefer to watch televised news programs are less knowledgeable than those who read newspapers and news-magazines." This statement is an example of a(n)

When a researcher collects information about a group through direct involvement and inspection, this is known as

Ethnography is the most common form of ________ research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data.

Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use

People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the "real world." This poses a particular problem for researchers using

A variable is

Diffusion is the

An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate covered crickets. She expresses disgust to her traveling companions. She is exhibiting

Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well as bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as

A worker is frequently late, takes extended "coffee breaks," and makes numerous mistakes while working on important tasks. As a result of poor performance, the worker is fired. This is an example of

In American society, we often formalize norms into

A subculture is

A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. Therefore, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective?

Facing forward in an elevator can be considered a(n)

A basketball arena, an airliner, a slice of pizza, and a television set can all be considered examples of

George Ritzer's concept of "the McDonaldization of society" refers to the

A society is

A law is

"Attacks on bilingualism represent an ethnocentric point of view." This statement best reflects the views of which sociological perspective?

According to Robin Williams, which of the following is NOT among the basic American values?

A hypothesis concerning the role of languages in shaping cultures was created by linguist(s)

A dominant ideology

An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called

Communism, the Episcopalian religion, and the microwave oven are all examples of

A member of a rural Indian tribe in Central America who is suddenly taken to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience

A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her school's swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swimming meets at a nearby college. This is an example of

Anticipatory socialization refers to

According to the concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead t

The self is the

As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of

Gender roles

Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of "face-work"?

George Herbert Mead suggested that the self is

Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead?

Which of the following is considered a total institution?

The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over

Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of

In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective?

Which of the following is an example of a symbol?

The dramaturgical approach is

Gestures and words that form the basis of human communication are known as

A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of

As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

Charles Horton Cooley is responsible for developing the concept of

A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of

How many prime-time series out of nearly sixty—aired in recent years—did researchers find focused on minority performers?

Realistic portrayals of minorities and working-class persons tend to be ignored by mass media decision-makers primarily because

Which of the following have sociologists suggested is a dysfunction of the mass media?

The function of media advertising is to support the economy, provide information about products, and underwrite media costs associated with

Magazines would be considered

Which of the following would have the greatest impact in terms of reaffirming social norms of proper behavior?

Which sociological perspective is most likely to be concerned with television distorting gender roles and stereotyping, often rooted in the media's willingness to promote more traditional views?

People, organizations, and public issues appearing regularly on the covers of prominent magazines is a method used to

Which of the following is considered one way the media reaffirm proper behavior in society?

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues?

The creation of unreliable generalizations that distort the reality of persons, groups, and cultures is indicative of

In the U.S., one out of every four women is considered obese. How many characters are portrayed as obese on television?

Which medium experiences the least amount of gatekeeping?

What is the term used for the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests?

The U.S. government was heavily criticized for which of the following media monitoring behaviors after the September 11, 2001, attacks?

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on gatekeeping as a process that reflects a desire to maximize profits by those with power and authority?

Which sociological perspective is more likely to study the media's influence on society from the micro level to determine how social behavior is shaped?

Which of the following would the functionalist perspective most likely view as creating the greatest collective experience?

The process by which a relatively small number of people control what eventually reaches the audience is referred to as

Which of the following would be an example of cyberbullying?

In Émile Durkheim's view,

Obedience refers to

A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affects students' performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This illustrates which explanation of deviance?

Deviance is behavior that

Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as

Sanctions are defined as

Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers—is called

According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish Republican Army would typically be classified as

The term social control refers to

Crime is a violation of

Independent analysis has revealed which of the following regarding white-collar crime in the United States?

According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has

An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a(n)

Control theory states that we

Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)

According to crime statistics, hate crime focus most frequently on which of the following?

According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will

According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has

An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the social significance of power as purported by the

Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n)

An inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of

An 83-year-old woman is placed at a small table in a dark corner of a trendy nightclub and is ignored by the staff. Her shoddy treatment is probably due to her age, which is a(n) ________ status.

A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on

Gerhard Lenski argues that social inequality may have once served the overall purposes of society, but the degree of social and economic inequality that now exists far exceeds the need to provide for goods and services. This facet of Lenski's analysis is consistent with which perspective?

Prestige refers to the

The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo illustrates the idea that

A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called

Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to

Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(n)

In Max Weber's view,

Karl Marx used the term proletariat to refer to the

The owner of a major league baseball team can fire employees for not winning a pennant, have the city build him a new ballpark, and prevent companies that compete against his own team from airing advertisements during the team's televised games. In Max Weber's view, this owner would most likely be considered to have

Max Weber defined ________ as the ability to exercise one's will over others.

A single mother who works in a factory sewing large sheets of canvass would be considered

By 2012, female householders accounted for 50 percent of the poor in the U.S. This alarming trend is referred to as

A panhandler makes $15 to $20 per day on the streets. This is his

Which of the following is an example of absolute poverty?

Capitalism is an economic system in which

An ascribed status is a social position

In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a