5th – Flashcards

erection, contraction of smooth muscle of bladder wall, and increased motility of digestive organs

sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, and adipose tissue

Focusing the eye on a nearby object in the field of vision is a function of which division of the ANS?

vagus

ciliary muscle of the eye

thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine.

modified postganglionic neurons in the medulla secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as blood-borne neurohormones, rather than as neurotransmitters

inhibit lacrimal, salivary, and nasal secretions

White rami carry the preganglionic sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord.

sympathetic

Increased blood pressure and heart rate

hypothalamus

sa Dilation ps Constriction/contraction

Vasoconstriction (s) Secretion P

Scanty, thick secretion (s) Copious thin secretion (p)

Increased rate and force of contraction s Slowed rate p

Decreased peristalsis and secretion s Increased peristalsis and secretion p

Vasoconstriction s Vasodilation p

simplest of endocrine control mechanisms Secretion in direct response to changing ion or nutrient levels in the blood

Inhibits urination s Contraction p

Ejaculation s Erection p

Secretion s

Vasoconstriction, sweat secretion, pilo-arrection s

Neural - secretion of endocrine glands controlled by neural stimuli Example: sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in the adrenal medulla. Induces release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Hormonal - stimuli received from other glands Certain hormones signal secretion of other hormones

Must bind to receptor on the target cell membrane and trigger second messengers

Can go across cell/nuclear membrane to bind receptor

anterior pitutitary grandular tissue

(posterior)- neural tissue; part of the brain- pituitary

-regulate hormone secretion of other endocrine glands - hormonal stimulation

thyriod from: Adenohypophysis

signals thyroid to release (TH) from: Adenohypophysis

signals adrenal cortex to release stress hormones from: Adenohypophysis

adrenal cortex from: Adenohypophysis

gonads from: Adenohypophysis

maturation of soperm and e.g.g from: Adenohypophysis

body growth from: Adenohypophysis

body cells from: Adenohypophysis

effect: milk production target: mammary gland from: Adenohypophysisfrom:

unmyelinated axons

does not make hormones

Antidiuretic hormone and Oxytocin

uterous and mammary gland

uterine contraction and milk secretion

kidneys and arterioles

Antidiuretic hormone

negative

positive

Largest pure endocrine gland

person always cold, gains weight but doesn't feel hungry.

lack of iodine Hypothyroidism

Person is "hot", loses weight, very hungry, anxious. Graves' disease ( autoimmune - t cells start to attack normal body cells

Adrenal medulla

a knot of sympathetic nervous tissue

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Secrete (amino acids) norepinephrine and epinephrine

Active in "fight, flight, and fright" response

secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis in response to ACTH

stimulates fat and protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis.

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

zona glomerulosa

Sodium/water reabsorbed to maintain blood volume and pressure.

Contains both endocrine and exocrine cells

acinar cells - secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) contains both α and β cells About one million islets - scattered throughout the pancreas

Beta cells (β cells-70%) - secrete insulin

Signals most body cells to take up glucose from the blood Lowers blood suga

Alpha cells (α cells-20%)

target: liver efffecgt: raising blood sugar secrete glucagon

T cell-mediated autoimmune response destroys beta cells

Exocrine: produce sperm

Endocrine: produce gonadal hormones (steroids)

Promotes the formation of sperm Maintains secondary sex characteristics

Both exocrine and endocrine Exocrine: produce eggs Endocrine: produce gonadal hormones (steroids)

maintains secondary sex characteristics and signals uterine mucosa to repair itself after menstrual period

prepares the uterus for pregnancy

enteroendocrine cells, scattered within the epithelial lining of the alimentary canal. Assist with digestion, blood chemistry, etc.

stomach to secrete HCl from gi tract target is the stomach effect secreation of hydrochloric acid

cck gallbladder to release bile target gull bladder effect tis to trellis bile

sustains the fetus and secretes several steroid and protein hormones -maintain and sustain the fetus p from the point of conception

hormone - thymic hormones - target t cells - maturation of these t cells

pregnancy tests

erythropoietin epo (bone marrow produces RBC);

More of that hormone is secreted, which prompts further secretion of that hormone.

adrenal

hormona

nervous.

posterior lobe of the pituitary and adrenal medullae

cholesterol

Releasing hormones produced and secreted in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of anterior lobe hormones.

Hypothalamic neurons stimulate the release of stored hormones from their axon terminals located in the posterior lobe.

kidney

medulla

tropic

neurohypophysis

thyroid hormone

MSH

the pineal gland

the gonads

Which of the following is/are true of aldosterone? It is a steroid hormone. It compensates for a decline in blood pressure or blood volume by prompting the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys to resorb more sodium into the blood. It is secreted in response to a decline in blood volume or blood pressure. It is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. All statements listed are true of aldosterone.

axons from the medial half of each eye

lens

levator palpebrae superioris.

facial

dilator/sphincter pupillae muscles

oval window

vestibule

otoliths

cochlear duct

tectorial membrane

air.

peterous part

semicircular ducts.

The affected eye is turned medially or laterally with respect to the normal eye; results from weakness or paralysis of extrinsic eye muscles.

utricle

terminates at the round window at the base of the cochlea and is filled with perilymph

The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract reflexively.

equalizes air pressure

calcitonin

parafollicular cells

tropic

colloid

iodine

growth hormone-releasing hormone

infundibulum.

kidney

gland: anterior putitary target: thyroid gland efects: signal thyroid to release thyroid hormone

gland: anterior putitary target: adrenal cortex effect: secretion of stress hormone

gland; anterior pituitary target: gonads efeects: maintain sperm and eggs

gland: anterior pituitary target: gonads effect: secrete sex hormone testosterone and estrogen

gland: anterior pituitary target: body cells efefct: growth of body cells

gland: anteiror pit target: mammary gland efeects milk production

glnd : at target: the skin effect : darkening of the skin

gland pt target: kideys/arterides efect: fluid reabsorptioin and vasoconstriction

gland PT target: uterus/mammary gland effect: uterues contraction and milk secretion

gland thyoid: target: body cells effects: control metabolic rate protien synthesis

gland thyoid: target: bones/kidneys effects: depresses bllod CA leves

target: bone/kidneys/GI tract (sm intestine) effect: raises blood Ca leves/stimulates osteoclast/decreases kideney secretion/activates vitamin d uptake

gland: pancrease target: liver efect: raises blood sugar

pancreas/liver/remove sugar from blood

adrenal/body cells/sugar for brain

adrenal cortex/kideys/sodium/water reabosorption

secondary sex characteristic

ovaries/prepares uterus for preganacy

t cell maturation t cells

pineal gland/brain/ sleep cycles

adrenal medula/body cells/flight or flight

gi tract/ stomach/ HCL production

gallbladder/bile porduction

preganacy

kidneys/bone marrow/RBC production

sclera and cornea; continuous with each other.

light enters here, transparent (most anterior aspect)

Choroid Ciliary body Iris

forms posterior 5/6 of vascular tunic, continuous with ciliary body; prevents light scatter

a thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens- consists of smooth muscle (ciliary muscle) - focuses the lens. Makes aqueous humor Accomodation - buldge or strech

isible, colored part of eye. Allows light to enter. Has smooth muscle fibers (sphincter-constriction/ parasympathetic and dilator- dilates /sympathetic)

constricts pupil/ parasympathetic

dialates pupil/sympathetic

Pigmented layer, Neural layer

deepest part (Absorb light and prevent scatter)

(nervous tissue; external to internal) (thicker)

neural layer meets ciliary body

where the fovea centralism sits

only have cones

Transmits air vibrations to auditory ossicles

Round window Ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes (merge onto oval window)- transmit sound from external ear to internal ear.

dissipates left-over energy in cochlea Oval window (stapes)

equalizes air pressure

Reflexive muscles that protect from loud sounds (tympanic reflex)

senicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea

sencircular ducts, utricle and saccule, cochlear ducts

hearing

equilibrium:static equalibrium adn linear acclereation of teh head

equilibrium: rotational angulr acceleration of the head

Has special sensory epithelium called Macula Receptor hair cells

Innervated by CN VIII (vestibular division)

calcium carbonate crystals

horizontal orientation

vertical orientation

responsible for "triggering" hair cells

Crista ampullaris- (crest with hair cells) Cupula- jelly-like pointed cap

what cochlea binds to

Scala vestibuli Scala tympani (

cochlear duct

Hair cells- stereocilia Supporting cells