Practice Test #3 – Flashcards

Group polarization occurs when group discussion _______ group members' initial inclinations.

Whenever your friend Ted surfs online, he writes terribly harsh letters to strangers using a bogus email address. Ted's behavior can likely be attributed to the role of _______ in deindividuation.

Which one of the following is NOT an explanation for group polarization?

Wright (2003) suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences, such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations. Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?

Which of the following is NOT a prescriptive strategy to prevent groupthink from developing?

Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to

Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community?

The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _______ phenomenon.

When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the end of World War II, one German individual stated, "What terrible criminals these people must have been to receive such treatment." This comment is an example of

Jackman and Senter (1981) found that both men and women think that women are more "emotional" than men. This shows that

Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations

Madison's parents comment that the nice new family on the block, who are Black, represent "professional, middle-class Blacks." Madison's parents are engaging in

Research concerning automatic prejudices reveals that

In the 1940s, researchers Clark and Clark (1947) gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most children

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they

Long-term studies of New Zealand children revealed that

The pain-attack response has been observed in

Fourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs. This will most likely lead him to

A study of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers found

The near consensus among social psychologists is that

Research on brainstorming reveals that people working _______ will generate _______ good ideas.

Teresa has joined the campus Amnesty International Group, and after attending a few of the meetings now feels even more passionate about human rights. Social psychologists would explain the change in Teresa's opinions using

Two or more people who interact with and influence one another for longer than a few moments is what social psychologists call a

Groupthink symptoms can produce

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if

An example of someone who is involved with co-actors is

Groups tend to loaf less when

Data from 27 countries shows that people everywhere perceive women as more _______ and men as more _______.

Ayres' (1991) research team visited 90 Chicago-area car dealers using a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on an $11,000 car. The results indicated that _______ were given the highest quote.

A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics, Asians, and women from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects

Schwarz and Kurz's (1989) research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem

"Them"-a group that people perceive as being distinctively different or apart from their own group-is what social psychologists call a(n)

Between classes, you notice how smokers congregate outside the doors of the building. When interacting with one another, they seem to behave as if they identify as quite different from the non-smokers who happen to be outside the door. What term would best describe the group of smokers?

The results of the Schachter and Singer (1962) experiment in which participants were injected with adrenaline prior to spending time with either a hostile or a euphoric person supports the idea that

Which of the following has been found to be an effect of sexual violence in movies and television?

Compared to the national rate, abused children are _______ times _______ likely to abuse their own children.

When in groups, aggression can increase because of all of the following EXCEPT

Frustration is noted to arise from

According to the social learning theory, whether we act aggressively depends on

Which of the following does NOT strengthen the group minority influence?

Social psychologists have accurately predicted that _______ will exhibit less social loafing.

_______ refers to the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they

Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink?

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to

Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of

What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice?

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the

Most Americans agree that

More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low, suggesting that prejudice is partly explained by

Elena's boss told her that she is being let go due to company downsizing. Later that day when gets home, she is critical of her girlfriend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elena's behavior?

Dismissing outgroup members' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as

Kayla's grandparents emigrated from Europe. Kayla holds such a strong belief that her ethnic group is superior to all others that she could accurately be described as being

As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in

_______ aggression aims to hurt only as a means to some other end.

Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _______ to the instigator.

Surveys of adults and adolescents indicate that heavy viewers of TV violence

Kubey and Csikszentmihaly (2002) reported that compared to active recreation, television watching

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called

Gina is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority, motivating those under her authority, and providing support. Gina excels in

A looting mob is a good example of

A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, which can occur in group situations, is called

Your new roommate introduces himself as having an Irish and Tahitian background. You are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as

A motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social groups is what social psychologists call

Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa in the 1950s, when apartheid ruled, revealed that those who _______ were also most prejudiced.

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as

A tendency to favor one's group is called

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n)

In contrast to Freud's view of aggression, Lorenz argued that aggression is

How intense and reactive we are in infancy reflects our

Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that

In an experiment conducted by Griffitt (1970), students who answered questionnaires while they were _______ reported feeling more tired and aggressive, and expressed more hostility toward a stranger than did participants in a control group.

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is _______ and the probability of social loafing is _______.

When the output of collective farms and private plots were compared,

Based on research cited in the text, who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light?

Consistent with what is known about group polarization, Schkade and Sunstein (2003) found that on federal appellate court cases, a Republican judge sitting with two other Republican judges voted _____ than when sitting with one Democratic judge.

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring

Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. The girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are experiencing

Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of their general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific isolated act, has been called the

Your co-worker tells you that she has both a pet snake and a pet dog at home. You are most likely to describe her to new office employees as a

_______ occurs when a new stereotype is formed about groups of individuals who do not fit their stereotype.

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given race is called

Who is most likely to support a policy, such as tax cuts for the wealthy, that maintains hierarchies?

Frustration grows when

Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior according to your text?

Myers suggests that one way we could reduce aggression is by

Research confirms that groups

The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has

_______ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

When giving a speech in class, you spend most of the first five minutes wondering what your audience is thinking of you. This is a good example of _____ instead of thinking about what you are saying.

Zimbardo reported that women who were masked and hooded in KKK-style hoods and robes tended to _______ than women who were visible and wore name tags.

Palmer (1996) found that since 1975, there is _______ between opposition to immigration and the unemployment rate.

We are more prone to ingroup biases when our group is _______ and _______ relative to the outgroup.

Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT

The just-world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is

Children of _______ have less stereotyped views of men and women.

Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text?

Juveniles who grow up without a father

What can we conclude about the relationship between heat and aggression?

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by

According to Johnson (2006), different groups help us meet different needs EXCEPT to

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore seem foolish. Your thinking best exemplifies

According to the social facilitation effect, social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience.

Increased arousal enhances performance

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?

A consistent finding is that no matter how religious commitment is assessed,

Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice.

Since the Iraq war, Americans have developed negative views of

_______ is a negative attitude; _______ is a negative behavior.

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call

Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that

After arguing with her boyfriend over the telephone, Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room. This behavior most clearly demonstrates

Adam frequently plays violent video games. Social psychologists would predict that Adam would therefore be likely to frequently

Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism that it tries to explain aggression by naming it?

Instinctive behavior is behavior that is

The best way to improve individual performance by a group is to

The concern for how others are evaluating us is called

Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus. When discussing important policy decisions, the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also

In a study by Latané and his colleagues (1979), participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible. Participants produced the most noise when they

A consistent finding concerning Christianity in North America is that, in comparison to nonmembers, church members show _______ than nonmembers.

_______ are exceptions to the group; _______ are acknowledged as part of the overall group.

Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists. This is

Which of the following is NOT one of the five consistent effects that Anderson (2003) found to be associated with video games?

Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from

The correlation between parental (father) absence and violence holds

Jason instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is

According to Berkowitz (1989), the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of

When being observed increases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs.

Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in

The just-world phenomenon can lead people to think that

Assuming that sick people are responsible for their illnesses is an example of the _______ phenomenon.

A review of research on gender attitudes suggests

Sack and Elder (2000) found that more than 80 percent of both Whites and Blacks say race relations are generally good in their neighborhoods, but fewer than 60 percent see relations as generally good in the country as a whole. This is referred to as

Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headlines. In contrast, whenever a self-described gay male is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested." The resulting prejudice that gay males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on

Berkowitz and LePage (1967) found that frustrated men delivered more shocks when

The death penalty does not effectively deter homicide. One reason for this is that most murders are the result of

Juanita is upset with Rose, so during a social gathering she verbally cuts Rose down in front of others. Juanita's behavior is

Anderson's (2003) research on the effects of video games has reported that there is a _______ relationship between playing violent games and the frequency of arguments with teachers.

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. Social psychologists would call Sam a

Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be

Watson (1973) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were

Your psychology professor has assigned group projects to your class. She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce

The phrase "they are all alike, but we are diverse" reflects

People who are overweight

A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called

Bushman (2002) invited angered participants to hit a punching bag while either ruminating about the person who angered them or thinking about becoming physically fit. A third group of participants did not hit the punching bag. When given a chance to administer loud blasts of noise to the person who angered them, people in _______ condition(s) felt angrier and were more aggressive.

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called

Repeated exposure to fictional scenes of a man overpowering and arousing a woman

The illusion of unanimity in a group is one aspect of

At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now characterized by _______.

You have noticed that when you are at the gym, your exercise routine is not affected by how may other people are there. However, it is affected when other people are watching you exercise. This pattern in your behavior is what social psychologists call

Maggie favors the death penalty. In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates, she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before. After the discussion, her opinion is more extreme. This outcome is best explained by

Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of

John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior?

Some of the ways we can reduce aggression were listed in the text summary. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways?

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of

Which is NOT one of the three ways identified by Brown and Paulus (2002) to enhance group brainstorming?

According to social psychologists, a group exists when two or more people interact with and influence each other, and

Which two symptoms of groupthink lead group members to overestimate their group's right and might?

According to the text, groupthink symptoms can be viewed as a form of dissonance reduction as group members

Kleck and Strenta (1980) had women who falsely believed that they appeared disfigured by theatrical makeup interact with a female partner. Results indicated that women who thought they were disfigured

Linking _______ with virtue and _______ with moral failure enables fortunate people to feel pride and enables unfortunate people to avoid responsibility.

Gordon Allport has concluded that "the role of _______ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."

Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _______, whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called _______.

Which of the following would be an example of the group-serving bias?

Which statement regarding aggression is TRUE?

Meier and Hinsz (2004), when deciding how much hot sauce to administer during research experiments, found all of the following EXCEPT

When exploring why viewing violence on TV affects behavior, researchers consider all of the following EXCEPT

One effect of deindividuation is

According to the text, physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior.

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others is called

Mary tells you that she thinks the reason people live in poverty is because they are lazy. Mary's thinking is an example of the _______ phenomenon.

The benefit of being high in stigma consciousness is that it can buffer individual

In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his colleagues (1983) found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following is TRUE?

Mullen (1986) reported that the more people that are in a lynch mob, the _______ the murder and mutilation.

Groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by

In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of

Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that

Jeremy's belief that earthquake victims are being punished by God for their own sins best illustrates

_______ occurs when groups of individuals who do not fit their stereotype are thought of as "exceptions to the rule."

"Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the _______ hypothesis.

_______ aggression springs from anger, and its only goal is to injure.

Which of the following statements about aggression is FALSE?

It was raining out and Jessie's car had a flat tire. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot. When she entered her apartment, she kicked her pet cat, who was waiting at the door. Jessie's behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of

When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

Which of the following circumstances contributes to people becoming deindividuated?

People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that _______ hierarchies and oppose policies that _______ hierarchies.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain

Which one of the following is NOT one of the reasons that lead Buss and Shackelford (1997) to conclude that aggression was adaptive for our distant ancestors?

Most murders are considered _______ aggression.

Douglas and McGarty (2001) reported that the anonymity of Internet chat rooms, newsgroups, and listservs seems to foster more hostile behavior than is observed in face-to-face conversations. This is an example of how _______ contribute(s) to deindividuation.

The relationship between group size and the probability of deindividuation occurring is

Later research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called

The _______ view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy.

The relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is

All of the following statements are social sources of prejudice EXCEPT

Because we are sensitive to distinctive events, the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable. Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were

According to Gentile and Anderson (2003), "The scientific debate over whether media violence has an effect _______."

What is true about retaliation?

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

The larger the crowd, the _______ a person tends to be _______.

Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten a C. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten B's and A's, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of

Violent crimes are more likely committed

On exam day, a student you do not know sits near you. This person is best described as a(n)

Initial research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to

Consistent with the social facilitation effect, Michaels and his colleagues (1982) found that when good pool players were observed, they did _______ than when they did not know they were being observed.

Around the world, people tend to prefer

Betty and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betty and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrates

In an extensive review of studies on gender bias in the evaluation of men's and women's work, the most common result was

We tend to _______ the competence of those in high-status positions and _______ those who agreeably accept a lower-status position.

In studies on violence, Eron and Huesmann (1980; 1985) found that 8-year-olds who watched the most violence were

A review of studies on deindividuation showed that physical anonymity makes one _______ to cues presented in a situation, whether negative or positive.

Myers and Bishop (1970) organized groups of prejudiced and nonprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes, both before and after group discussion. Results showed that after within-group discussion, _______ became _______.

Which statement is FALSE?

In view of research on the pain-attack response, Berkowitz (1998) now believes that _______ is the basic trigger of hostile aggression.

Which one of the following does NOT predict increased aggression?

Most terrorism is considered _______ aggression.

Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty accounting for

When people learn about others' positions, without making a prior commitment and without discussing their own position, they will

According to survey research conducted in the U.S., racial prejudice toward African Americans

Taylor and Fiske (1978) found that a Black in an otherwise White group, a man in an otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seem

Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks, she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason. She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call

Research indicates that by the turn of the century, the average boy was playing video games for _______ hours a week.

Viewing sexually violent movies _______ men to brutality and results in _______ for domestic violence victims.

On Halloween night, Diener and her colleagues (1976) conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft at homes scattered throughout the Seattle area. Given a chance to steal candy, the children who were _______ were most likely to commit transgressions.

According to Festinger (1954), it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

Which fact is TRUE?

According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is

The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that

Court (1985) reported that as pornographic materials become more widely available, the rate of reported rapes has generally been found to

Americans' ideas for protecting themselves include all of the following EXCEPT

Which is NOT a factor in why other people create arousal in us?

In Gerontology class, your professor gives an assignment that requires you to write two obituaries for yourself, one for if you were to die tomorrow, the other for if you were to die at age 80. Social psychologists accurately predicted that the anxiety associated with this assignment would lead students to be _______ likely to derogate _______ members.

Which one of the following does NOT predict increased aggression?

Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?