CH9 Study Guide – Flashcards

1. In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology: A. the same people are retested over a period of years. B. different age groups are tested at the same time. C. different characteristics of an individual are assessed simultaneously. D. the behavior of an individual is assessed by different researchers.

2. A(n) _____ assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period. A. cross-sectional study B. longitudinal study C. accelerated study D. unobtrusive research

3. Which of the following is a difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies? A. Unlike cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies are affected by the cohort effects problem. B. Cross-sectional studies deal with people of the same age, whereas longitudinal studies deal with a people belonging to different age groups. C. Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess people over a long period of time. D. Cross-sectional studies assess participants multiple times, whereas longitudinal studies assess participants only once.

4. A(n) _____ can find out not only whether age groups differ but also whether the same individuals change with respect to a particular characteristic as they age. A. cross-sectional study B. longitudinal study C. accelerated study D. transversal study

5. Which of the following best defines teratogen? A. It is any agent that causes a birth defect. B. It is a drug that enhances the growth of a fetus. C. It is any chemical that contains an alcohol group. D. It is a term used to describe all microorganisms that cause fatal diseases.

6. Which of the following is likely to be a teratogen? A. Apple B. Dark chocolate C. Spicy food D. Alcohol

7. Which of the following is a symptom of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)? A. Hyperactivity B. Below-average intelligence C. Tardive dyskinesia D. Depression

8. Which of the following statements is true of teratogens? A. Teratogens include only the chemical substances that are classified as alcohols. B. The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure. C. Teratogen refers to the birth defect caused by radiation. D. Teratogens enhance the development of a fetus.

9. Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood? A. Maslow B. Piaget C. Erikson D. Kohlberg

10. According to Piaget, an individual's ability to incorporate new information into existing knowledge is called _____. A. accommodation B. interpretation C. assimilation D. innovation

11. According to Piaget, accommodation refers to: A. the parental efforts made to include new children in an existing family structure. B. the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge. C. the developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by peers. D. the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.

12. In which of the following stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does a child coordinate sensations with movements? A. Egocentric B. Preconventional C. Concrete D. Sensorimotor

13. Little Franklin takes away his baby sister's rattle and hides it under her blanket, while she watches. According to Piaget, if his sister had developed object permanence, she would most likely: A. forget about the rattle. B. try to search for it under the blanket. C. act as if the rattle was never there. D. None of these.

14. _____ is Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched. A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Object permanence D. Object interpretation

15. "Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of: A. conservation. B. separation anxiety. C. attachment. D. object permanence.

16. Which of the following Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought in children? A. Preoperational B. Sensorimotor C. Formal operational D. Concrete operational

17. If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to: A. make judgments based on gut feelings. B. think intuitively. C. recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. D. represent their world with words, images, and drawings.

18. Between ages 7 and 11, children gain the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations. Piaget calls this particular stage: A. the concrete operational stage. B. the formal operational stage. C. the preoperational stage. D. the sensorimotor stage.

19. Peter is ten years old. He likes to play a game called "name, place, things, animals" along with his friends, because he often wins and is very good at it. In this game, children are given a list of random nouns, and they should write the nouns in the correct column. For example if the noun is "dog", they should write "dog" under the "animals" column. According to this scenario, Peter is most likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational

20. An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities is most likely present in the _____ stage of cognitive development. A. formal operational B. preconventional C. conventional D. concrete

21. The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the _____ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. concrete operational

22. _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding. A. Identity B. Personality C. Cognition D. Temperament

23. An infant cries very often and faces difficulties in adapting to new situations. According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, which of the following temperaments would best describe him? A. The unstable child B. The slow-to-warm-up child C. The difficult child D. The detached child

24. According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a child who expresses a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and is inflexible is a(n) _____ child. A. detached B. difficult C. slow-to-warm-up D. aversive

25. Caleb, an infant, can be taken just about anywhere and seems to adapt quickly to new surroundings. According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, which of the following temperaments best describes him? A. The easy child B. The slow-to-warm-up child C. The resilient child D. The competent child

26. The work of Harry Harlow established that: A. early social experience in humans is essential to normal functioning in adulthood. B. physical development is influenced more by nature than it is by nurture. C. contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process. D. an offspring's attachment to a parent depends on the physical appearance of the parent.

27. In Harry Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys: A. were more attached to artificial mothers who provided milk. B. were more attached to artificial mothers who were warm and soft. C. displayed no preference for either cloth or wire mothers. D. preferred wire mothers over cloth ones.

28. Infant attachment is defined as the close emotional bond between an infant and: A. other infants. B. strangers. C. its caregivers. D. its environment.

29. Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment? A. The caregiver and the infant watch as several strangers enter the room. B. The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later. C. The stranger takes the infant away from the caregiver and moves to a place where the caregiver cannot be seen. D. The caregiver hides the toy that the infant was playing with, under a blanket.

30. Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that: A. development is driven by personal choices and is independent of the actions of others. B. life is full of challenges that cannot be ignored. C. socioemotional development is a lifelong process. D. most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially.

31. All of the following are stages in Erikson's psychosocial theory of development EXCEPT: A. trust versus mistrust. B. autonomy versus shame and doubt. C. initiative versus guilt. D. growth versus regression.

32. According to Erikson, a toddler who learns to walk will develop a positive sense of independence. However, another child of the same age who cannot walk yet will develop _____. A. inferiority B. guilt C. shame D. mistrust

33. According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, preschoolers who do not develop a sense of taking responsibility: A. feel guilty. B. feel inferior. C. feel ashamed. D. feel embarrassed.

34. When Justin told his parents that he wanted to learn an extracurricular activity, his parent gave him the liberty to choose any activity of his choice. However, they restricted him from choosing dangerous sports like motor car racing. In this scenario, Justin's parents are following the _____ parenting style. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. neglectful D. permissive

35. Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as: A. conventional. B. authoritative. C. authoritarian. D. permissive.

36. Elise demonstrates a parenting style that encourages her children to be independent, but she also places limits on their behavior. Her parenting style is best described as: A. conventional. B. authoritarian. C. permissive. D. authoritative.

37. Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate? A. Authoritarian B. Conventional C. Authoritative D. Neglectful

38. Parents following the _____ parenting style impose strict rules on their children with little verbal exchange. A. authoritative B. permissive C. authoritarian D. conventional

39. Authoritative parents are likely to have children who: A. are obedient and demonstrate low self-esteem. B. are socially competent and self-reliant. C. have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent. D. are rebellious and demonstrate low self-esteem.

40. Children whose parents follow _____ tend to be less competent socially, to handle independence poorly, and to show poor self-control. A. authoritative parenting B. authoritarian parenting C. neglectful parenting D. permissive parenting

41. Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They encourage him to do what he wants. They are exhibiting a(n) _____ parenting style. A. permissive B. authoritarian C. conventional D. collaborative

42. Which of the following regions of the brain is concerned with emotions? A. Prefrontal cortex B. Amygdala C. Occipital lobe D. Medulla oblongata

43. Which of the following regions of the brain is concerned with reasoning and decision making? A. Prefrontal cortex B. Amygdala C. Occipital lobe D. Medulla oblongata

44. Adolescents may lack the cognitive skills to control their impulses effectively because of the relatively slow development of the _____. A. prefrontal cortex B. amygdala C. occipital lobe D. medulla oblongata

45. Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain? A. Because of the quick development of the prefrontal cortex, they display stronger cognitive skills to control their impulses. B. They display fewer emotions due to the slow growth of the amygdala. C. The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood. D. The developmental disjunction in the brain accounts for reduced risk taking behavior of adolescents.

46. Which of the following is the preferred parenting style for most adolescents? A. Inattentive B. Authoritative C. Permissive D. Neglectful

47. If 20-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the stage of: A. intimacy versus isolation. B. generativity versus stagnation. C. autonomy versus shame and doubt. D. identity versus identity confusion.

48. Early adulthood is a period during which a person either builds a network of social relationships or becomes socially lonely. This developmental dilemma, as described by Erikson, is known as: A. identity versus identity diffusion. B. intimacy versus isolation. C. generativity versus stagnation. D. integrity versus despair.

49. According to Erikson, during the later years of life of an adult, evaluating his or her life is characteristic of the _____ stage. A. identity versus identity diffusion B. intimacy versus isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. integrity versus despair

50. An older adult who sees meaning in his or her life continues to live a satisfying existence. Erikson refers to this as: A. despair. B. generativity. C. intimacy. D. integrity.