Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System – Flashcards

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include A) sebaceous glands. B) mucus. C) epithelia. D) epidermal layers. E) All of the answers are correct.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by A) innate immunity. B) adaptive immunity. C) immunological surveillance. D) skin defenses. E) fever.

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

________ is the ability to resist infection and disease A) Immunity B) Memory C) Adaptation D) Tolerance E) Versatility

Defense against specific antigens is known as the _______________. A) innate immunity. B) immune response. C) immunological surveillance. D) skin defenses. E) fever.

A microscopic organism which can cause disease is a ________________. A) pathogens. B) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. C) cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. D) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. E) disease-causing agents.

Which of the following is an example of a pathogen? A) viruses B) bacteria C) toxins D) parasistes E) All of the above

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) lymphatic vessels. B) the venae cavae. C) the spleen. D) lymph nodes. E) lymph.

Lymphatic capillaries are known for A) being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. B) being the smallest lymphatic vessels. C) having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. D) having shingle-like endothelial cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with A) hyaline cartilage. B) blood vessels. C) adipose tissue. D) sensory nerve endings. E) both blood vessels and adipose tissue.

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the A) CNS. B) periphery. C) renal arteries. D) groin. E) throat.

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they A) have no basement membrane. B) have only a tunica interna. C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. D) are smaller in diameter. E) are frequently irregular in shape.

Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) produce antibodies through B cells. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) accumulate cancer cells. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs? A) tonsils B) spleen C) lymph nodes D) thymus E) All of the answers are correct.

What is NOT considered to be a lymphatic tissue? A) lymph nodes B) spleen C) thymus D) kidneys E) tonsils

Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the A) phagocytic response. B) adaptive defense. C) immune response. D) lymphocytic response. E) inflammation of tissues.

In general, lymphocytes A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. B) have relatively short life spans. C) have two nuclei. D) are produced and mature only in red bone marrow. E) are located primarily in the blood stream.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

Lymphocytes A) are actively phagocytic. B) destroy red blood cells. C) respond to antigens. D) are primarily found in red bone marrow. E) decrease in number during infection.

The primary function of the lymphatic system is A) the transport of hormones. B) circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases. C) defending the body against both external and internal threats. D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins. E) the production and maturation of leukocytes.

The lymphatic system does all of the following except A) helps maintain normal blood volume. B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. D) transports lipids from the digestive tract. E) fights infection.

Lymphocyte production and maturation involves A) bone marrow. B) thymus tissue. C) peripheral lymphatic tissues. D) stem cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the A) circulation. B) thymus. C) red bone marrow. D) spleen. E) yellow marrow.

In general, lymphocytes A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. B) have relatively short life spans. C) have two nuclei. D) are produced and mature only in red bone marrow. E) are located primarily in the blood stream.

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are A) located primarily in the large intestine. B) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids. C) part of the fenestrated capillary group. D) more numerous than blood capillaries. E) All of the answers are correct.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it A) activates B cells. B) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. C) involutes after puberty. D) produces T cells. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

T cells develop from stem cells in the A) bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of A) B lymphocytes. B) NK cells. C) T cells. D) neutrophils. E) red blood cells.

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the A) red bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.

Superficial lymphatics are located in A) the subcutaneous layer to the skin B) the areolar tissues of the mucus membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts C) in the areolar tissues of the serous membranes lining the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities. D) All of the above

Deep Lymphatics are vessels that A) are larger B) accompany deep arteries and veins C) supply skeletal muscles and other organs of the neck, limbs and trunk D) supply the visceral organs E) All of the above

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the A) thoracic sinus. B) cisterna chyli. C) thoracic trunk. D) hilum. E) thoracic ventricle.

The _________ collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm A) right lymphatic duct B) lymphatic trunk C) thoracic duct D) cisterna chyli

The _____________collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. A) right lymphatic duct B) lymphatic trunk C) thoracic duct D) cisterna chyli

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called A) lymphopenia. B) lymphadenopathy. C) lymphoma. D) lymphedema. E) lymphosis.

The term lymphadenopathy refers to A) a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes. B) a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. C) accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. D) the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation. E) increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes.

Most lymphocytes are A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

__________ cells make up 5-10% of the circulating lymphocyes A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

__________ cells make up 10-15% of the circulating lymphocyes A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

__________ cells make up 80% of the circulating lymphocytes A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. A) NK B) B C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

The medullary cords of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. A) cytotoxic T B) medullary C) NK D) B E) cordal

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? A) secrete strong acid B) secrete organic solvent C) secrete free radicals D) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis E) secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. A) plasma B) helper T C) NK D) suppressor T E) cytotoxic T

Helper T cells do all of the following except A) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. B) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. C) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells. D) attract macrophages to the affected area. E) enhance nonspecific defenses.

_________________ respond to a previously encountered antigen. Like memory T cells, remain in reserve to respond to next infection

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it A) depends on memory B cells. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more effective antibodies. E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that A) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. B) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. C) it is delayed by the memory cell stage. D) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. E) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

Suppressor T cells act to A) suppress antigens. B) erase memory T cells. C) limit antigen proliferation. D) inhibit T and B cell activities. E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. A) Secondary B) Primary C) Memory D) Responder E) Transponder

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. A) Immunity B) Memory C) Adaptation D) Tolerance E) Versatility

The immune system is said to exhibit ________ toward those agents that do not stimulate an immune response. A) immunity B) memory C) adaptation D) tolerance E) versatility

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helper T cells. D) macrophages. E) plasma cells.

When stimulated, B cells can differentiate into ___________ which produce and secrete antibodies. A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helper T cells. D) macrophages. E) plasma cells.

_________________ are thymus dependent A) B B) T cells C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

_________________ are bone marrow derived. A) B cells B) T cells C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

NK cells provide _____________ immunity. A) Specific B) Non-specific C) Humoral D) Innate E) both B and D

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an A) allergen. B) antihistamine. C) antibody. D) antigen. E) allopath.

A globular protien produced by plasma cells that will bind to specific antigens andpromote there destruction or removal from the body A) allergen. B) antihistamine. C) antibody. D) antigen. E) allopath.

_________________________, or lymphocyte production involves the red bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid tissues. A) erythropoiesis B) lymphopoiesis C) necrosis D) hemopoiesis E) lymphosis

Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called A) calcitriol. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) interleukins. E) immunoglobulins.

Hormones that slow tumor growth are called A) transferrins. B) tumor necrosis factors. C) interferons. D) radiation agents. E) chemotherapins.

Hormone that promotes the differentiation of B cells. A) calcitriol. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) interleukins-7. E) immunoglobulins.

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. A) Tonsils B) Peyer's patches C) Lymph nodes D) Immune complexes E) Spleens

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Tonsils B) Adenoids C) Peyer's patches D) Immune complexes E) Lymph glands

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in A) the adult spleen. B) the adult thymus. C) bone marrow. D) the tonsils. E) Peyer's patches.

Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) produce antibodies through B cells. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) accumulate cancer cells. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Lymph nodes range in diameter from A) 1 nm to 10 nm. B) 1 inch to 2 inches. C) 1 mm to 25 mm. D) 1 cm to 25 cm. E) 1 cm to 1 inch.

An example of MALT is A) the appendix B) the tonsils C) Peyer's patches D) All of the above

_________________ is a collection of lymphoid tissue that protect the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. A) Dendric cells B) MALT C) Hilum D) Germinal cells E) Lingunal cells

MALT can be found in A) digestive system B) Urinary system C) Reproductive system D) Respiratory system E) All of the above

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false? A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. E) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum. A) ascending B) lateral C) afferent D) descending E) efferent

The ______________ lymphatics bring lymph to the lymph node from the peripheral tissues. A) ascending B) lateral C) afferent D) descending E) efferent

The ______________ lymphatics carry lymph away from the lymph node and towards the venous circulation. A) ascending B) lateral C) afferent D) descending E) efferent

T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) top-located; bottom-located B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived C) thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located E) trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called A) laryngitis. B) lymph edema. C) tonsillitis. D) indigestion. E) lymphosis.

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as A) Peyer's patches. B) adenoids. C) white pulp. D) red pulp. E) lymph nodes.

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? A) T lymphocytes. B) free and fixed macrophages. C) B lymphocytes. D) neutrophils. E) Natural Killer cells.

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by A) lymphocytes. B) trabeculae. C) arteries. D) veins. E) fibrous connective tissue.

The ______________ removes abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis. A) lymph nodes B) spleen C) thymus D) kidneys E) tonsils

Iron recycled from RBCs is recycled in the _______________. A) lymph nodes B) tonsils C) thymus D) kidneys E) spleen

Initiating immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to antigens in circulating blood is the responsibility of the _______________. A) spleen B) tonsils C) thymus D) kidneys E) lymph nodes

Innate defenses include A) phagocytic cells. B) physical barriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. E) All of the answers are correct.

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except A) the skin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) antibodies.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. A) active B) natural passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by A) innate immunity. B) adaptive immunity. C) immunological surveillance. D) skin defenses. E) fever.

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) actively acquired B) naturally acquired passive C) passively acquired D) automatically acquired E) innate

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of A) innate immunity. B) active immunization. C) passive immunization. D) natural immunity. E) alloimmunity.

Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of A) monocytes. B) leukocytes. C) agranulocytes. D) erythrocytes. E) lymphocytes.

Characteristics of adaptive defenses include A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) memory. D) specificity. E) All of the answers are correct.

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. A) Immunity B) Memory C) Adaptation D) Tolerance E) Versatility

_______________ is the immune system's ability to differentiate among hundreds of millions of antigens that it might encounter during a normal lifetime. A) Immunity B) Memory C) Adaptation D) Tolerance E) Versatility

_________________ is the immune response following where following the second exposure to a particular antigen is stronger and lasts longer than before. A) Immunity B) Memory C) Adaptation D) Tolerance E) Versatility

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include A) sebaceous glands. B) mucus. C) epithelia. D) epidermal layers. E) All of the answers are correct.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A) body hair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basement membranes.

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) B D) helper T E) suppressor T

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called A) complement. B) interferons. C) interleukins. D) immunoglobulins. E) transferrins.

________________ are chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections. A) complement. B) interferons. C) interleukins. D) immunoglobulins. E) transferrins.

________________ is a system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens. A) complement. B) interferons. C) interleukins. D) immunoglobulins. E) transferrins.

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system. A) about 3 B) exactly 10 C) roughly 18 D) exactly 25 E) more than 30

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) stimulation of inflammation. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis.

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to A) the cell wall of bacteria. B) the plasma membrane of bacteria. C) an antibody attached to an antigen. D) a cell surface antigen. E) a plasma protein.

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would A) cause inflammation. B) produce a fever. C) activate complement. D) opsonize pathogens. E) activate antibodies.

_______________ are the "first line of defense" against pathogenic invasion. A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

Microphages include A) monocytes. B) Kupffer cells. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) both neutrophils and eosinophils.

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? A) T lymphocytes. B) free and fixed macrophages. C) B lymphocytes. D) neutrophils. E) Natural Killer cells.

Phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs are called A) monocytes. B) neutrophils. C) leukocytes. D) fixed macrophages. E) local macrophages.

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called A) astrocytes. B) oligodendrocytes. C) microglia. D) Kupffer cells. E) ventricular macrophages.

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. A) Astrocytes B) Oligodendrocytes C) Microglia D) Kupffer cells E) Ventricular macrophages

Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called A) alveolar macrophages. B) histiocytes. C) Kupffer cells. D) pleurocytes. E) microglia.

______________________ are large, active phagocytic cells. A) astrocytes. B) oligodendrocytes. C) microglia. D) Kupffer cells. E) macrophages.

______________________ are derived from monocytes. A) astrocytes. B) oligodendrocytes. C) microglia. D) Kupffer cells. E) macrophages.

___________________ engulf a pathogen or other foreign body and destroy it with lysosomal enzymes. A) astrocytes. B) oligodendrocytes. C) microglia. D) Kupffer cells. E) macrophages.

Mircrophages are neutrophils and eosinophils that normally circulate in blood. T or F

Cytotoxic Cells, Helper Cells, Suppressor Cells and Memory Cells are all A) B Cells B) T cells C) NK Cells D) Neutrophils E) macrophages

Plasma cells are A) B Cells B) T cells C) NK Cells D) Neutrophils E) macrophages

What chemical does NK cells use to destroy abnormal cells? A) properdin B) perforin C) pus D) plasa E) lysis

An inflammatory response is triggered when A) red blood cells release pyrogens. B) T cells release interferon. C) mast cells release histamine and heparin. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) blood flow to an area increases.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except A) redness of the inflamed tissue. B) chemotaxis of phagocytes. C) heat of the inflamed tissue. D) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. E) swelling of the inflamed tissue.

____________________ prevents clotting around the actual site of injury. A) T Cells B) histamine C) heparin D) NK Cells E) Neutrophils

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would A) cause inflammation. B) produce a fever. C) activate complement. D) opsonize pathogens. E) activate antibodies.

Inflammation produces localized A) swelling. B) redness. C) heat. D) pain. E) All of the answers are correct.

Interleukins do all of the following except A) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. B) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. C) stimulate inflammation. D) elevate body temperature. E) stimulate collagen synthesis.

What of the follow are effects of the inflammatory response. A) Temporary repair and barrier against pathogens B) Retards spread of pathogens into surrounding areas C) Mobilization of local and systemic defenses And facilitation of repairs (regeneration) D) All of the above

Innate defenses include A) phagocytic cells. B) physical barriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. E) All of the answers are correct.

Immunity that develops after administration of a pathogen is called ________ immunity. A) artificially induced passive immunity B) naturally acquired passive C) passively acquired D) automatically acquired E) artificially induced active immunity

Newborns gain their immunity initially from A) early immunizations during routine neo-natal check-ups. B) contact with viruses and bacteria. C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. D) contact with siblings. E) breast milk.

After an MMR vaccine is administered, a patient develops ________________ immunity. A) artificially induced passive immunity B) naturally acquired passive C) passively acquired D) automatically acquired E) artificially induced active immunity

After being exposed and acquiring the flu virus, Bob develops ________________ immunity. A) artificially induced passive immunity B) naturally acquired active C) passively acquired D) automatically acquired E) artificially induced active immunity

Through breastfeeding, an infant acquires ________________ immunity. A) artificially induced passive immunity B) naturally acquired passive C) passively acquired D) automatically acquired E) artificially induced active immunity

A person receiving a shot containing antibodies such as those found as Gamma Globulin acquires ________________ immunity. A) artificially induced passive immunity B) naturally acquired passive C) passively acquired D) automatically acquired E) artificially induced active immunity

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) natural passive C) passively acquired D) automatically acquired E) innate

In passive immunity, the A) immune system attacks normal body cells. B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. C) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. D) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

The cells involved in the immune response which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and enter peripheral tissue and directly attack antigens physically and chemically are: A) Cyctotoxic T cells B) Memory T cells C) Suppressor t cells D) Helper T

The cells involved in the immune response which stimulate the responses of both T cells and B cells. Vital because they must activate B cells before the B cells can produce antibodies: A) Cyctotoxic T cells B) Memory T cells C) Suppressor t cells D) Helper T

____________ are involved in cell-mediated immunity. A) Cyctotoxic T cells B) Bacteria C) Phagocytes D) Predinsone

____________ are involved in cell-mediated immunity. A) T Cells B) Bacteria C) Viruses D) Predinsone

Activated ______________ find that pathogens and attack them through phagocytosis or the release of chemical toxins in cell-mediated immunity. A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

____________ are involved in antibody-mediated immunity. A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following? A) all body cells with a nucleus B) red blood cells C) granulocytes and microphages D) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only A) when plasma cells are releasing antibodies. B) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. C) when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited. D) when NK cells are activated. E) during infections.

Which of the following about MHC proteins is false? A) bind complement B) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells C) function in antigen presentation D) fall into two major classes E) are found on all nucleated cells

Which of the following is not a characteristic of AIDS? A) has killed at least 1/2 million people in the United States B) is spread most often through sexual contact C) attacks the T helper (CD4) cells D) is declining worldwide E) almost always eventually fatal

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. A) suppressor; cytoxic B) cytoxic; helper C) helper; suppressor D) NK; cytoxic E) plasma; NK

CD8 markers are found on _____________ cells. A) suppressor and cytoxic B) cytoxic and helper C) helper T and suppressor D) NK and cytoxic E) plasma and NK

CD4 markers are found on _____________ cells. A) suppressor and memory B) helper T and cytoxic C) NK and cytoxic D) cytoxic and suppressor E) helper T and memory T

A cell activated by CD8 will undergo the following steps to destroy the antigen presenting cell except: A) Antigen recognition occurs when a CD8 T cell encounters an antigen on the surface of anther cell, bound to a Class I MHC protein B) Antigen recognition and costimulation result in T cell activation and cell division, producing active T cells and memory T cells C) Active helper T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate both cell-mediated and anti-body mediated immunity. D) Destruction of Target cells by the active T cell E) perforin release

CD8 T cells are activated by _______________. A) all body cells with a nucleus B) red blood cells C) granulocytes and microphages D) Class I MHC proteins E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

A substance that blocks the action of histamine is A) allergen. B) antihistamine. C) antibody. D) antigen. E) allopath.

During activation of CD4 T cells, the active helper T cells secrete cytokins which do all of the following except: A) stimulate T cell divisions that produce memory helper T cells and the speed of the maturation of cytotoxic T cells B) enhance nonspecific defenses by attracting macrophages to the affected area, preventing their departure and stimulating their phagocytic activity and effectiveness. C) chemically or physically stimulate apoptosis D) attract and stimulate the activity of cytotoxic T cells E) promote activation of B cells

A cell activated by CD8 will undergo what steps to destroy the antigen presenting cell exept? Ā) Antigen Recognition B) Costimulation C) Activation and cell division D) Destruction of target cells E) Deactivate CD8 cell

When the B cell prepares to under go activation, this is called: A) inflammation B) stimulation C) sensitization D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis.

CD8 markers are to ________ as CD4 markers are to ________ . A) Class I; Class II B) cytoxic; helper C) Class II; Class I D) NK; cytoxic E) plasma; NK

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it A) depends on memory B cells. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more effective antibodies. E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

During ______________ antigens are taken into the B cell, processed and reappear on surface, bound to Class II MHC protein. A) inflammation B) stimulation C) sensitization D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis.

Activated B cell divides into: A) NK and cytoxic B) cytoxic and helper C) helper T and suppressor D) plasma cells and memory B cells E) plasma and NK

_______________ synthesize and secrete antibodies into interstitial fluid A) Cyctotoxic T cells B) Memory T cells C) Suppressor t cells D) Helper T E) Plasma cells

____________remain in reserve to respond to next infection. A) Cyctotoxic B cells B) Memory B cells C) Suppressor t cells D) Helper B E) Plasma cells

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their A) asymmetry. B) antigen specificity. C) light-chain variable segments. D) heavy-chain constant segments. E) reactivity.

In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the A) variable segment of the light chain. B) variable segment of the heavy chain. C) constant segment of the heavy chain. D) variable segments of both the light and heavy chains. E) ionized segment of the light chain and the isotropic segment of the heavy chain.

Which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain? A) has one constant segment B) has one variable segment C) binds one light chain D) binds antigen at both ends E) binds complement in the constant region

The constant segments of the __________________ form the base of the antibody molecule. A) plasma cell B) helper T cell C) light chain D) heavy chain E) complement

A ________ antigen is an antigen with at least two antigenic determinant sites. A) complete B) perfect C) hapten (partial) D) paired E) dipolar

A ________ antigen is an antigen which does not cause B cell activation and antibody production. A) complete B) perfect C) hapten (partial) D) paired E) dipolar

A ________ antigen is an antigen which includes short peptide chains, steroids, and other lipids, and several drugs, including antibiotics such as penicillin. A) complete B) perfect C) hapten (partial) D) paired E) dipolar

_____________________ are found in body fluids, are determined by constant segments, and have no effect on antibody specificity. A) plasma proteins B) cytosolic factors C) interleukins D) interferons E) immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

Anti-Rh antibodies produced by Rh-negative mothers are also _______ antibodies and produce hemolytic disease of the newborn. A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

The term ________ refers to antibodies found in body fluids. A) plasma proteins B) cytosolic factors C) interleukins D) interferons E) immunoglobulins

The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in all of the following except A) neutralization of the antigen. B) agglutination or precipitation. C) complement activation and opsonization. D) release of perforin. E) All of the answers are correct.

The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.

The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.

Antigens covered with antibodies attract _________, including eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages which destroy foreign or abnormal plasma membranes. A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

Antibodies may promote _______________ by stimulating basophils and mast cells. A) the skin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) antibodies.

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except A) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. B) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that A) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. B) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. C) it is delayed by the memory cell stage. D) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. E) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

During a primary immune response, the A) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer. B) IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer. C) IgM titer and the IgG titer rise in parallel. D) only the IgM titer is affected.

Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include all of the following except A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. B) fewer cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) decreased numbers of T helper cells. D) more efficient secondary responses. E) B cells are less responsive.

During secondary response, A) fewer cytotoxic T cells respond to infections. B) decreased numbers of T helper cells are found. C) B cells are less responsive. D) memory B cells are activated at lower antigen concentrations than original B cells which secrete antibodies At lower antigen concentrations than original B cells Secrete antibodies in massive quantities

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are A) immunodeficiency diseases. B) autoimmune diseases. C) allergies. D) the result of stress. E) signs of a weak immune system.

In a(n) ________, either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked. A) autoimmune disease B) immunodeficiency disease C) allergic response D) cross-reaction E) agglutination reaction

When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops. A) autoimmune disease B) immunodeficiency disease C) allergic response D) cross-reaction E) agglutination reaction

Which of the following is not true of anaphylaxis: A) Can be fatal Affects cells throughout body B) Changes capillary permeability - Produces swelling (hives) on skin C) is caused by an agglutination reaction D) Smooth muscles of respiratory system contract making breathing difficult E) Can cause circulatory collapse (anaphylactic shock)