Test III A&P Urinary Digestive – Flashcards

Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? A) inferior vena cava B) hepatic portal vein C) superior mesenteric artery D) celiac artery

The lamina propria is composed of ________. A) dense regular connective tissue B) loose connective tissue C) reticular connective tissue D) dense irregular connective tissue

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. A) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone. B) The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8. C) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo. D) During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.

Which of the following is not true of saliva? A) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus B) cleanses the mouth C) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except________. A) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium B) the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation C) estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle D) a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruatio

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) distal convoluted tubule B) glomerular filtration membrane C) collecting duct D) nephron loop

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most children have all 32. B) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months.

Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes? A) Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes. B) Sperm will have no means of exit from the body. C) Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced. D) Male sex hormones will not be circulated in the body

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________. A) involves FSH and LH release B) involves posterior pituitary release of regulating hormones C) is the tight relationship between the cortex and the control of testicular function D) involves a positive feedback loop control of spermatogenesi

Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron? A) molecular complexity B) molecule size relative to fenestrations. C) number of carriers. D) lipid solubility.

Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? A) The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization. B) The ampulla is the narrow constricted region. C) The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length. D) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) not limited by a transport maximum B) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached C) in the distal convoluted tubule D) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. B) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys. C) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. D) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation.

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) dysphagia D) alkalosis

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. A) protein and peptide fragments B) simple carbohydrates and alcohols C) starches and complex carbohydrates D) fatty acids

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) canine tooth B) incisor tooth C) molar tooth D) premolar tooth

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys B) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney C) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position D) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) by a decrease in the blood pressure B) when the pH of the urine decreases C) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 D) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? A) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine B) absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments C) absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network D) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine

Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis? A) hypothalamus B) interstitial cells C) anterior pituitary gland D) thalamus

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) catabolism B) fermentation C) mastication D) anabolism

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate B) by secreting sodium ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions

Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) intestinal C) enterogastric D) gastric

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult. B) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. C) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. D) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) lamina propria B) submucosa C) serosa D) adventitia

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) passive transport C) countertransport D) secondary active transport

What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? A) cementum B) pulp C) enamel D) crown

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. A) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. B) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. C) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2). D) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth

The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________. A) meiosis B) DNA synthesis C) mitosis D) cytokinesis

The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A) liver B) stomach C) pancreas D) spleen

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa D) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A) lipase B) dextrinase C) amylase D) trypsin

Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine.

Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. C) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. D) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Net filtration would decrease. B) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. D) Net filtration would increase above normal

Chyme is created in the ________. A) small intestine B) stomach C) esophagus D) mouth

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. A) secretion B) ingestion C) absorption D) digestion

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. A) diabetic acidosis B) diabetes mellitus C) coma D) diabetes insipidus

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) nephron B) glomerular capsule C) capsular space D) nephron loop

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple squamous D) transitional

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) lipase C) cholecystokinin D) pepsin

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A) macula densa cells B) juxtaglomerular cells C) podocytes D) mesangial cells

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? A) parietal cells B) enteroendocrine cells C) mucous neck cells D) zymogenic cells

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. A) pancreatic acini B) bile canaliculus C) hepatopancreatic ampulla D) portal vein

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________. A) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption B) thin segment is freely permeable to water C) thick segment is permeable to water D) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride

Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) secretin B) ACh C) gastrin D) histamine

Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. B) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum

Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. A) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs. B) Bile contains enzymes for digestion. C) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion. D) Bile functions to emulsify fats

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) the renal papilla B) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus C) the renal pyramid D) the descending nephron loop

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. A) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule B) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla C) is freely permeable to sodium and urea D) is not permeable to wate

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mucosal lining B) serosal lining C) lamina propria D) mesenteries

Which of these is not a component of saliva? A) nitric oxide B) defensins C) lysozyme D) a cyanide derivative

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) electrolytes B) glucose C) hormones D) plasma protein

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required C) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time D) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion? A) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions B) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions C) disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs D) eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex? A) Its granular cells produce rennin. B) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. C) It helps control systemic blood pressure. D) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) motor neurons B) the sympathetic efferents C) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder D) the stretching of the bladder wall

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water B) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop C) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water D) the presence of ADH

The function of goblet cells is to ________. A) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion B) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use

The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) podocytes B) renal fascia C) basement membrane D) glomerular endothelium

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) slightly higher than water B) much higher than water C) less than water D) the same as water

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products A) enteroendocrine cells B) parietal cells C) zymogenic cells D) mucous neck cells

Hepatocytes do not ________. A) produce digestive enzymes B) process nutrients C) detoxify toxic chemicals D) store fat-soluble vitamins

Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another D) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract