The Special Senses – Flashcards
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What is a sensation?
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conscious or subconscious awareness of an internal or external stimuli
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These senses include somatic sensations
(tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive)
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General senses
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These senses are scattered throughout the body
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General Senses
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These senses are simple structures
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General Senses
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These senses includ smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium
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Special Senses
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These senses are specifically located within the head
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Special Senses
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These senses are anatomically distinct structures
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Special Senses
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These senses form complex neural pathways
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Special Senses
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The process of perceiving smells is known as what?
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Olfaction
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Taste is also known as...
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Gustatory
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Olfactory and gustatory send impulses to what specific part of the body
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The cerebral cortex, then the limbic system
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Which sense is the most strongest of them all?
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Olfaction
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Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
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In the superior (upper) part of the nasal cavity
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What kind of cells does the olfactory epithelium consist of?
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1. olfactory receptors
2. supporting cells
3. basal cells
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What type of cells within the olfactory epithelium respond to odor
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olfactory receptors
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What is the function of basal cells within the olfactory epithelium
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They replace the olfactory receptors (stem cells)
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The process of smelling a flower starts a domino effect of events eventually leading to which part of the brain for processing
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Temporal lobe
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Name the subcategories within gustation
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sour, sweet, bitter, salty, & umami
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Where are taste buds located
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tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and larynx
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Taste buds are composed of what type of cells
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Gustatory receptors, which are then surrounded by supporting cells
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What projects from each receptor cell to the surface of the tongue through the taste pore
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A gustatory hair
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On average, what is the lifespan of a gustatory receptor cell
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10 days
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elevations on the tongue which provide a rough texture are known as what
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papillae
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What 3 types of papillae are taste buds found on?
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Vallate papillae- back of tongue
Fungigorm papillae- entire tongue (scattered)
Foliate papillae- sides of tongue (only in children)
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Filiform papillae are tactile receptors covering the tongue, but do not contain what
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Taste buds
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What three cranial nerves control the gustatory responses
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Facial (III) Nerve- tip of tongue
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve- middle/ back of tongue
Vagus (X) Nerve- throat and epiglottis
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Nerve impluses are eventually propogated till they reach what part of the brain
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Medulla Oblongata
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Vision is possible due to these and the way they perceive light
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photoreceptors
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The accessory structures of the eye include:
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extraocular muscles, palpebra, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands and ducts.
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What part of the eye allows light to pass into the back of the eye?
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the pupil
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The upper and lower palpebrae are commonly referred to as what
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eyelids
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Name the clear mucous membrane that covers the white part of the eye (avascular)
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Conjunctiva
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where are lacrimal glands located
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superlateral to the eyeball. (upper left/right in coordinance with left/right eye)
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Tears are produced where
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In the lacrimal glands
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What cavity do tears flow into causing nasal stuffiness during crying
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lacrimal puncta
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Watery eyes occur because
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a build up of lacrimal fluid (allergies/inflammation)
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List the three layers that make up the walls of the eyeball
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Fibrous tunic- outer layer, composed of cornea & sclera
Vascular tunic- middle layer, choroid, ciliary body, & iris
Nervous tunic- inner retinal layer
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Which structure in the eyeball is composed of a transparent epithelium and helps focus light onto the retina
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cornea
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The sclera is white and tough due to the amount of what
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collagen fibers within the sclera
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Which structure of the eye gives it's shape and protects the inner anatomical parts of the eyeball
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sclera
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Name the procedural process of the flow of tears
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lacrimal gland --> lacrimal ducts --> superior/inferior lacrimal canal --> lacrimal sac --> nasolacrimal duct --> nasal cavity
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List the 3 part of the middle tunic
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1. choroid
2. ciliary body
3. Iris
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What structure within the middle tunic forms the major vascular portion that lines the internal surface of the sclera?
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Choroid
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The ciliary body can be broken down into two parts, which are....
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ciliary process= secretes aqueous humor &
ciliary muscles= changes the shape of the lens
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The colored portion of the eyeball is known as what
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Iris
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The inner nervous tunic contains what part of the eye
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retina
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The exact center of the retina is called what
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macula lutea
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In the center of the macula lutea, there is a small depression known as
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fovea centralis
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True or False
There are no cones or nerve cells in the fovea
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False.
There are no rods. The fovea focuses on sharp central vision
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The retina can be viewed by using an instrument called what
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ophthalmoscope
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Which structure of the eye is commonly referred to as the "blind spot"
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optic disc
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what two types of photoreceptors does the retina consist of?
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cones and rods
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Which photoreceptors are abundent in peripheral vision
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Rods
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The lens divides the eyeball into what two cavities?
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anterior and posterior cavities
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What is another name for the posterior cavity of the eye?
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vitreous chamber
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Where can the vitreous chamber be found? Is it smaller or larger than the anterior cavity?
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between the lens and the retina.
It is much larger than the anterior cavity
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Within the vitreous chamber a transparent jelly like substance is located. What is it called & what is its function?
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It is called the vitreous body & it holds the retina flush against the choroid
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True or False
The eye requires a constant "bath" of aqueous humor
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True
The aqueous humor also maintains a constant pressure
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True or False
The aqueous humor within the eye is replaced every 90 seconds
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True
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The black portion of an individuals eye is known as the what?
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pupil
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Axons pass through a point of the eye and then cross over at a point called what
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optic chiasm
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The process of hearing is known as what
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audition
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What are the three principle regions of the ear?
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external, middle, and inner ear
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What region of the ear uses air to collect and channel sound waves
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the external ear
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What region of the ear uses a bony system to amplify sound vibrations
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middle ear
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What region of the ear generates action potentials to transmit sound and balance information to the brain
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Internal ear
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Which region of the ear does the auricle belong to?
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External ear
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The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles that consist of
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stapes, malleus, incus
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The Eustachian (auditory) tube connects the middle ear with what
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Nasopharynx (upper portion of the throat)
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What is the common name for the region of the ear dubed labyrinth
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inner (internal) ear
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The labyrinth can be broken further down into two divisions, which are
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outer bony labyrinth & inner membranous labyrinth
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Name the three divided areas within the bony labyrinth portion of the inner ear
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semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea
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The swollen enlargements are the end points of each semicircular canals known as what
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ampulla
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What is the function of ampulla
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it is used for dynamic equilibrium
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The utricle and the saccule are contained within what structure of the ear
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the membranous labyrinth within the internal ear
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What are the two types of flulid contained within the cochlea
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perilymph and endolymph
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True or False
The Perilymph and endolymph fluids fill the internal channels of the cochlea: scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and cochlear duct.
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True
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True or False
The endolymph fluid transmits vibrations from the stapes, up around the scala vestibuli, and back down to the scala tympani.
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False.
Perilymph fluid travels this path.
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Which type of internal channel fluid vibrates, moving the hair cells within the inner cochlea
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endolymph fluid
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Which cranial nerve pairs with the cochlear branch
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CN VIII (8)
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Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons located?
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spiral ganglia
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Where is the final destination of the nerve impulses of the auditory pathway
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the temporal lobe
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What portion of the inner ear controls equilibrium
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vestibular apparatus
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type of equilibrium whos state of balance is relative to the force of gravity
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Static Equilibrium
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Type of equilibrium that involves the maintenance of balance during sudden movements
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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This membrane respondes to gravity when head position is changed.
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Otolithic Membrane
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True or False
Static equilibrium is controlled by sensory hairs within the ampulla of the semicircular canals.
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False
Dynamic Equilibrium
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True or False
Dynamic equilibrium is controlled by the sensory hairs within the macula of the utricle and saccule.
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False.
Static Equilibrium
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Small elevations within each ampulla are known as
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crista
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Each crista contains hair cells and supporting cells covered by gelatinous material called
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cupula
