Evolution- Ch 15 and 16 – Flashcards

Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to mean that

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection

In an evolutionary sense, an individual organism has high fitness if it

Wing of a bat and a foreleg of an alligator are

Embryological comparisons reveal that..

Fossils are

What is the process called by which different species evolve similar traits?

Fossils found in deeper layers of rock are..

Absolute dating involves..

Process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment..

Species that share a common ancestor..

Natural Selection

Artificial selection

Different Species

Directional Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Disruptive Selection

T/F: Changes we seen in an individual are NOT evolutionary.

Population

Inheritance

Alleles

Gene pool

Number of copies of each allele

Allele Frequency

Evolution is also known as..

Hardy Weinberg Principle

T/F: Most populations are at equilibrium.

Based on H-W conditions, five major causes of evolution:

Mutations

Gene Flow

Genetic Drift

T/F: Changing the genetic composition in a LARGE population will not have great effect.

What two things cause genetic drift?

Population bottleneck

Founder effect

Nonrandom mating

Assortative mating

Inbreeding

T/F: Inbreeding and assortative mating will alter allele frequencies.

T/F: All genotypes are equally beneficial.

How does natural selection work?

What is the main driver of natural selection?

Fitness

Adaptations

Competition

Coevolution

Predation

3 Key points about natural selection

Sexual selection

Balanced polymorphism

p

q

Two H-W equations you have to know

p²

q²

2pq

OCVANS

Species

Biological species concept

Reproductive isolation

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive, inherited disease who victims die before they can reproduce. Which H-W condition would NOT be met under these circumstances?

In the graph we created with the trilobite fossils, what were the graphs like?

Could directional selection lead to creation of new species?

Could disruptive selection lead a new species?

Could stabilizing selection lead to creation of new species?

Isolating Mechanisms

Premating isolating mechanisms

Postmating isolating mechanisms

Geographic isolation

Ecological isolation

Temporal isolation

Behavioral isolation

Mechanical incompatibility

T/F: Production of hybrids are possible

Gametic incompatiblity

Hybrid inviability

Hybrid infertility

Speciation

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Polyploidy

T/F: Speciation by polyploidy is more common in animals than plants.

Adaptive radiation

Extinction

T/F: The natural course of evolution is that old species will become extinct to allow new ones to arise

T/F:Wide-ranging species will not succumb to local environmental catastrophes.

What increases the risk of extinction?

What are the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles in a population of 100 cattle, of which 36 show the recessive trait? How many of the cattle are heterozygous? If natural selection eliminated all the cattle with the recessive phenotype what would the gene frequencies be?

About 0.04% of the population of the United States has cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder, so only people with a pair of alleles for this disorder are affected. What percentage of the population are carriers for this disease and what percentage don't carry even one allele for this disease?

The idea put forward by Lamarck, which stated that organisms could pass on to their offspring physical changes that the parents developed during their own lifetimes, is known as

Which of the following is one of the main points of Darwin's theory of evolution?

T/F: Evolution is rapid and discontinuous.

Which of the following is a basic requirement for natural selection to be an effective evolutionary force?

In Africa, there is a species of bird called the yellow-throated longclaw. It looks almost exactly like the meadowlark found in North America, but they are not closely related. This is an example of

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about mutation?

For cockroaches to have rapidly evolved resistance to an insecticide...

Behavioral geneticists have found that the ability of house mice to squeak is determined by a single gene. If squeaky mice are more likely to be dropped by startled predators...

What contribution(s) did Darwin make to science?

You are a biologist studying a natural population of mice, and you observe that, in one area, the proportion of darker-colored mice is greater than the proportion of lighter-colored mice. In another area, the opposite is true. You find that only the area with more dark mice has predators. Therefore, you hypothesize that darker mice are favored in areas with predators, perhaps because they are more difficult to see. If your hypothesis is true, what would you expect to happen in the few generations after predators are introduced to an area with a population of mice that previously did not have predators?

Four postulates of natural selection?

All organisms share the same genetic code. This commonality is evidence that..

Which of the following lines of evidence support(s) the idea that evolution occurs?

Which of the following would be considered to be an example of analogous structures?

Antibiotic prescriptions normally specify that one take the entire course of treatment, such as a fixed number of pills, rather than simply taking the medicine until one feels better. In terms of evolution, why is this beneficial?

Biologists have shown that some species of fish have genetic variation in their tendency to bite an angler's bait and hook. In professional bass fishing tournaments, all fish caught are returned to the water; therefore,...

In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions is necessary for the corn borer to evolve resistance to the toxic protein?

Biologists have shown that some species of fish have genetic variation in their tendency to bite an angler's bait and hook. With repeated fishing and harvesting of caught fish...

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

Which of the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle describes how new alleles can enter a population?

Mutations....

Gene flow makes populations more...

Which of the following is characterized by random changes in allele frequencies?

When alleles increase in frequency because they allow the organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment, this is a result of

The process by which two species evolve adaptations in response to one another, such that evolutionary change in one species produces an evolutionary change in the other, is called..

Which of the following selective processes did Darwin suggest to explain the evolution of the conspicuous structures and courtship behaviors that male animals use to attract a mate?

An equilibrium population..

In a mainland bird population, most individuals are black in color, and gray is a rare variation. A small group of these birds is carried by strong winds to a distant island, where they establish a new population. After three generations, the gray phenotype is very common. What is most likely to be responsible for this?

Natural selection acts through predation against banded water snakes on certain Lake Erie islands, favoring the uniformly light-colored snakes. The banded form is very common on the nearby mainland. And yet banded snakes are maintained in the island populations and not eliminated completely. This is probably due to,.,,

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents an idealized, evolution-free population in which the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies will not change over time. In order for this to happen, five conditions must be met. Suppose that one of the conditions was violated—the population was very small. In this situation, the evolution would probably be due to

Genetic drift will tend to ___ genetic variability within populations, but ____ genetic variability between populations.

A large population of birds on an island has a color distribution of 80% green birds and 20% yellow birds. Most of the population is killed by an unusually strong storm; color distribution of the survivors is 60% green birds and 40% yellow birds. The change in the color distribution is probably due to..

T/F: Random mating will NOT change allele frequencies in a population

In populations of snowshoe hares, light coat color is favored over dark coat color. This is because light coat color provides camouflage during the winter snow, when avoiding the predatory lynx is critical to survival. Which of the following is a living component of the environment of the hare?

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, __________ acts on beak size in seedcrackers.

Goldenrod gall flies lay their eggs in the goldenrod plant. The fly larvae cause the plant to form a gall, a swollen growth of plant tissue. Large galls tend to be pecked open and their larvae eaten by birds. Small galls are more frequently parasitized by tiny wasps, whose larvae eat the fly larva and take over the gall. This complex situation implies that __________ is acting on gall size.

Body size varies among individuals in a species of lizard in the genus Aristelliger. Small lizards have a hard time defending a territory, and thus mating, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed on by owls. Therefore, natural selection favors individuals with an average body size. This is an example of

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, __________ appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today.

What phrase best describes the concept of natural selection?

If a population is undergoing natural selection, then..

Biologists sometimes combine two groups previously considered different species into the same species because

Which of the following is most characteristic of populations of DIFFERENT species?

Under the biological species concept, the main criterion for identifying a species is

Incompatibilities that prevent mating between species are called

A female fig wasp will carry fertilized eggs from a mating that took place within a fig, and then find another fig of the same species, enter it, lay eggs, and die. Her offspring will then hatch, develop, and mate within the fig. Because each species of fig wasp reproduces only in its particular species of fig, each wasp will only have the opportunity to mate with other wasps of its species. This would be considered

Incompatibilities that prevent the formation of vigorous, fertile hybrids between species are called

A likely group of animals in which to look for cases of sympatric speciation would be

What is NOT an example of speciation?

Which species is at LEAST risk of extinction?

Which of the following is true of the biological species concept?

Why is appearance a poor characteristic to use when determining whether two organisms are of the same (or different) species?

One ecological barrier that prevents populations from interacting during critical points in their life cycle is

In many species of fireflies, males flash to attract females. Each species has a different flashing pattern. This is probably an example of

Bishop pines and Monterey pines coexist in nature. In the laboratory they produce fertile hybrids, but in the wild they do not interbreed. This is because the two species release pollen at different times of the year. This is an example of

Which of the following ecological barriers was a major factor in the evolution of Rhagoletis pomonella?

A new variety of Rhagoletis pomonella has been discovered infesting cherry trees. What should cherry-producing farmers be told?

What would PREVENT genetic divergence, and thus speciation, from occurring?

What is a requirement for speciation to occur?

Genetic drift can contribute to allopatric speciation if...

Populations of two species living in the same areas (for example, chorus frogs and wood frogs living in the same ponds of Ohio woodlots) are said to be..

The rapid speciation of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands is an example of..

What is the first step in the process of allopatric speciation?

Which of the following is/are likely to promote sympatric speciation?

A mechanism by which many plants, but few animal species, have evolved sympatrically is

If a haploid egg from a diploid plant is fertilized by a haploid sperm from a diploid plant, and the fertilized egg duplicates its chromosomes but does not divide into two cells, the resulting cell may then divide normally, producing an individual plant that will be

What is the LEADING cause of extinction?

T/F: normal changes in the weather will cause extinction.