TEST 1 CHAPTER 31 – Flashcards

Most fungi are _____. photoautotrophs decomposers herbivores carnivores chemoautotrophs

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission

Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? Fungi have cell walls. Plants produce spores. Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic.

Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. absorption endocytosis ingestion photosynthesis chemosynthesis

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. hyphae ... mycelium sporangia ... dikaryon mycelia ... dikaryon mycelia ... hypha hyphae ... chytrid

Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs. This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption. The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane.

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? flowering plants grasses protists prokaryotes

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? increased oxygen levels fungal haustoria fungal enzymes larger bacterial populations

The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? centrioles - plastids gap junctions - plasmodesmata desmosomes - tonoplasts tight junctions - plastids

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? parasitic commensal mutualistic predatory

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition plasmogamy and meiosis budding and meiosis haustoria and karyogamy karyogamy and meiosis

Deuteromycetes _____. are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently _____. results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants provide carbohydrates to the plant partner control soil nematodes help plants take up nutrients and water cause the decay of cellulose and lignin

Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? Hyphae have a smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root. Mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food. Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules. Hyphae are one hundred to one thousand times larger than plant roots.

The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____. The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____. by inheritance of acquired traits by convergent evolution by serial endosymbioses due to common ancestry

Fungi produce _____ spores. Fungi produce _____ spores. dikaryotic heterokaryotic haploid diploid triploid

Karyogamy produces a _____. Karyogamy produces a _____. diploid zygote haploid zygote spores mycelium hypha

Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle zygote spore-producing structures mycelium hypha

Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. Zygomycota Chytridomycota Ascomycota Chordata Basidiomycota

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? Plasmogamy Heterokaryotic Spore Karyogamy

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? Motile spores Basidium Asci Mycelium

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together. True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together. True False

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? Basidia Spores Mycelium Hyphae

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? Basidia Gills Mycelium Spore

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? Hyphae are produced by mitosis. Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. The mycelium forms. A heterokaryotic mycelium form

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei. True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei. True False

Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. . a dikaryotic structure flagellated zoospores lichens yeasts saclike structures

Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Ascomycota

You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong? You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong? Zygomycetes Basidiomycota Chytrids Ascomycota

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 4 →? 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4

Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which of the following is an example of such a relationship? Endophytes in leaves produce toxins that deter herbivores. Fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites. Fungi help break down plant material in the guts of grazing mammals. Fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants All of the above.

From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial? decomposers mycorrhizal fungi yeasts rusts truffles

If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that _____. algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? spores of ectomycorrhizae soredia yeasts basidiospores

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.

All fungi share which of the following characteristics? All fungi share which of the following characteristics? flagellated heterotrophic act as decomposers symbiotic pathogenic

In fungi, haploid hyphae fuse to produce dikaryotic and then diploid nuclei, only to restore the haploid condition by meiosis before the growth of new hyphae. What is the significance of a transient diploid state in fungi? The diploid state is more advanced than the haploid state. These sexual processes generate genetic variation. All organisms must reproduce sexually at some point in their life cycle.