Sociology Final – Flashcards

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group are referred as:

The physical objects created, embraced, or consumed by society that help shape peoples' lives are referred to as:

The abstract creations of human cultures, including ideas about behavior and living, are referred to as:

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

Particular ideas that people accept as true are referred to as:

Which of the following examples would be considered a violation of a more?

Which of the following is a characteristic of laws?

The contradiction between the goals of ideal culture and the practices of real culture is referred to as:

The worldview whereby we understand the practices of another society sociologically, in terms of that society's own norms and values and not our own, is referred as:

The way class status is reproduced from generation to generation is referred to as:

Which of the following would not be considered a valuable form of cultural capital in dominant US high culture?

Which of the following would not be characteristic of functionalist perspective of shared language?

Commitment to respecting cultural differences rather than submerging them into larger, dominant culture is referred to as:

____ culture refers to the values, norms, and behaviors that people profess to embrace, while ----- culture refers to the values, norms and behaviors that people actually embrace and exhibit

"Poverty exists because someone has to be on bottom. That's just the way life is" This statement reflects ----- beliefs

An emic perspective is expressed in the following statements about wearing a finger necklace

Imperialistic nations engaged in ----- desire to see their power, influence, and profits grow throughout the world

Which of the following are considered characteristics of global culture

The process by which people learn the culture of their society is referred to as:

Which of the following statements best represents most sociologists' stance on nature vs nurture

How would sociologists define social learning?

The self-image that results from our interpretation of other people's views of us is referred to as:

Which of the following is not outlined in Mead's four stages in socialization

Which of the following is not characteristic of the influence of reference groups

Piaget's idea that the ability to make logical decisions increases as a person grows older is referred to as:

Which of the following is included in Freud's explanation of the human mind

Which of the following is an example of an agent of socialization

Which of the following behaviors is most likely the result of family socialization

Which of the following does not represent the idea of extended family and shared child-rearing common in Latino and African American families

The unspoken classroom socialization to the norms, values, and roles of a culture that school provides is referred to as:

Institutions that isolate individuals from the rest of society to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives are referred to as:

The ordinary, taken-for-granted rules that enable people to live, work, and socialize together are referred to as:

The study of social interaction as if it were governed by the norms of theatrical performance is referred to as:

----- groups are small and characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and commitment, while ----- groups are large and impersonal, characterized by fleeting relationships

Working-class parents often teach their children ---- and ----, while middle-class parents teach their children ----- and -----

The ------ refers to when social actors are engaged in a process of impression management through the use of props, costumes, gestures, and language, while ----- is when actors let down their masks and practice their impression management

Groups characterized by intense emotional ties, intimacy, and identification with membership in the group are referred to as:

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group

Despite a government that is at once bureaucratic and democratic in the United States, some sociologists would argue that bureaucracy and fundamentally at odds

Which of the following represents an alliance or coalition

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a large group

The ability of groups to exclude outsiders participating in the group or enjoying group resources is referred to as:

Voluntary associations that are made up of exclusively African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, or other people of color are examples of reverse racism or reverse discrimination

Power exercised over those who recognize is as deserved or earned is referred to as:

Power that depends on the leader's role in the group is referred to as:

Power that depends on the ability to persuade raather than command is referred to as:

Which of the following examples illustrates groupthink

The idea that there exists an overarching structure within which culture and other aspects of society can be understood is referred to as:

Which of the following is one of the forms of capital that stems from membership in certain groups, as outlined by Pierre Bourdieu

A ----- leader instills in group members a sense of mission of higher purpose, while ----- leaders are concerned with accomplishing group tasks and goals

------ refers to when members of a group ignore anything that goes against the group consensus

A(n) ------- organization is rationally designed to achieve particular objectives by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures

------ organizations are those that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership

Any behavior, practice, or condition that results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction if it becomes known is referred to as:

An act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment or both is referred to as:

The theory that skull configurations of deviant individuals differ from those of non-deviants is referred to as:

Which of the following is not one of the types of deviant reactions to strain, outlined by Merton

The form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between the culturally defined goals of a society and the means available to achieve those goals is referred to as:

In the US, which of the following would not be considered a normative cultural goal that people strive for

Merton's idea that when there is a discrepancy between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates of deviance will be high is referred to as:

The theory that people differ not only in their motivation to engage in deviant acts but also in their opportunity to do so is referred to as:

The idea that what is labeled deviant or criminal- and therefore who gets punished- is determined by the interests of the dominant class is referred to as:

Which of the following would be considered a deviant means to achieve the goal of economic success

Which of the following is a characteristic of a feminist perspective on deviance

The argument that deviant behavior is primarily a product of labels people attach to certain types of behavior is referred to as:

Which of the following is an example of informal social control

Some theorists claimed deviants were ----- throwbacks to primitive early humans

----- deviance occurs at the moment an activity is labeled as deviant by others, while ----- deviance occurs when the person being labeled deviant accepts the label as part of their identity and begins to act in conformity with the label

The majority of ------ who engage in deviant or criminal behavior are themselves victims or survivors

A disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige, and other resources is referred to as:

The systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality is referred to as:

A person's economic position in society, based on differences in income, wealth, and occupation, is referred to as:

The upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time is referred to as:

Which of the following is the best sociological definition of income

Most poor people just don't want to work. If they just took the jobs that were available to them, their wages would lift them above the poverty line to meet their basic needs

The value of everything a person owns minus the value of everything he or she owes is referred to as:

Which of the following would be considered in measuring ones wealth

The ability to exercise influence on political institutions and/or actors to realize personal or group interests is referred to as:

A society in which personal success is based on talent and individual effort is referred to as:

Areas that lack places that sell competitively priced, healthy, and fresh food are referred to as:

Which of the following is a charactieristic of the US official poverty line

Which of the following best represents an occupation with high prestige or status, but low income

C. Wright Mills believed that ----- in the US was concentrated in the hands of the small"----- elite"

Which of the following households has the highest level of the peverty

According to Herbert Gans, poverty will persist until it becomes dysfunctional for the affluent and powerful rather than just dysfuntional for the poor

Class position at birth influences one's ---- the opportunities and obstacles the person will encounter in education, social life, and work that affect social mobility

Caste societies are considered ----- class societies are considered ------

The systematic disparities in income, wealth, health, education, access to technology, opportunity, and power between countries, communities, and households around the world are known as:

The comparative economic measure that uses international dollars to indicate the amount of goods and services someone could buy in the US with a given amount of money is known as:

By one estimate, -----% of all children under 5 are stunted, that is, their growth progression is impaired by lack of access to adequate nutrition

Which of the following is most generally true of hunger and undernourishment

In 2013, the most developed countries had an infant mortality rate of:

In 2013, the least developed countries had an infant mortality rate of:

The average number of children a women in a given country will have in her lifetime if age-specific-fertility rates hold throughout her childbearing years is known as:

About what proportion of fully illiterate adults are women

With a population over 1 billion, about ------ of Indians live on less than $2 a day

The world's richest ----- individuals own as much wealth as the entire bottom half of the planet's population

Which of the following is one of the fractions of the transnational capitalist class as outlined by Leslie Sklair

What term did Zygmunt Bauman use to describe those who move across the globe as refugees or poor economic migrants, unable to live in their own countries and unwanted elsewhere

Which of the following is not considered one of the stages of development in modernization theory

Which of the following is a characteristic of a peripheral country

Which of the following would be considered a semiperipheral country

The idea that poverty is some countries is a consequence of their exploitation by wealthy, capitalitst is known as:

The world's average GNI-PPP is about

Sex is defined as:

Gender is defined as:

Gender roles are:

How early do sociologists believe parents begin socializing their children into gender

Martin and Fabes (2001) found that young girls who played in all-girl groups affirmed characteristics such as:

Sociologists C.J. Pascoes (2011) found her ethnography of teenage boys that they reinforced norms of masculinity and heterosexuality by:

The "hidden curriculum" refers to

Which of the following is associated with successful women's empowerment

The "second shift" refers to:

What landmark legislation required gender equity for men and women in every educational program

The difference between the earninggs of women who work full-time year-round as a group and men who would the same is called

Which of the following is a factual statement

The nearly invisible promotional boost men gain in female-dominated occupations is referred to as:

The demand or implication that a sexual favor will buy a promotion or just an opportunity to keep your job

Feminism

A system of common beliefs and rituals centered on "sacred things" that unites believers and provides a sense of meaning and purpose is referred to as:

The belief that naturally occurring phenomena, such as mountains and animals, are possessed of indwelling spirits with supernatural power is referred to as: