mastering biology for final exam – Flashcards

An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick. Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves memory _____.

The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are _____.

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

Helper T cells are part of _____.

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from _____.

Clonal selection implies that _______.

If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?

Inflammatory responses typically include _____. -increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area -inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow -reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma -release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells? -B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens. -One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). -One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. -T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow.

The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in that _____. -the anterior lobe of the pituitary is nervous tissue that connects directly to the brain whereas the posterior pituitary is derived from non-neural tissues -the anterior lobe of the pituitary receives neuronal impulses from brain cells whereas the posterior lobe receives blood-borne hormones -many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues -the posterior pituitary gland synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone whereas the anterior lobe receives all of its hormone products in the blood -the posterior lobe of the pituitary operates independently of the brain whereas the anterior lobe is directly dependent on brain activity

Jet lag occurs when a person moves rapidly from one time zone to another, causing conflict between the body's biological rhythm and the new cycle of light and dark. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as _____. -estrogen -prolactin -insulin -epinephrine -melatonin

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. -thalamus -cerebellum -medulla oblongata -hypothalamus

A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling? -autocrine -neuroendocrine -paracrine -endocrine

In their mechanism of action, a difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones is that _____. -water-soluble hormones bind reversibly to DNA lipid-soluble hormones activate a "second messenger" pathway -lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA -water-soluble hormones cross the plasma membrane more readily than do lipid-soluble hormones -the water-soluble hormones travel only in the blood, and the lipid-soluble hormones travel only in the lymphatic fluid

Hormones are _____. -chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph -are all under the control of the pituitary gland -produced only in response to environmental stress -signals that must interact with DNA in order to be effective -always proteins

The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is _____.

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the _____.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal? -greater production of T3 than of T4 -hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin -hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

The counter-regulatory functions of the pancreas refer to the fact that it _____. -releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them -releases one hormone that increases body temperature (fever) and another that decreases body temperature -releases acetylcholine when a person is calm, and epinephrine when a person is frightened or exercising -releases one hormone that increases urine production and another hormone that reduces urine production -releases one hormone that increases heart rate and another that decreases heart rate

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur? -when conditions for survival are unfavorable -when males and females find each other -when conditions for survival are favorable -What conditions favor sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery.

In humans, oogenesis in comparison to spermatogenesis is different in that _____. -oocyte production works best at cooler temperatures than those that support spermatogenesis -female puberty typically occurs much later than the age of male puberty -oogenesis does not complete meiosis until after fertilization, but spermatogenesis is complete before the sperm leave the body -oogenesis continues throughout life, but spermatogenesis typically ends at age 55 years -the names and chemical identities of the pituitary hormones are completely different between males and females

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are _____.

Animals utilizing external fertilization are typically _____.

Which of the following is most true of sexual reproduction? -Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females. -Asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety. -Asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions. -Sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction.

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that _____.

Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of _____.

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (that is, near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would most likely_____.

Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue include the _____.

A vasectomy _____.

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. -Schwann cells - provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons -astrocytes - metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness -oligodendrocytes - produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system -radial glia - the source of immunoprotection against pathogens

Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen? -convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation -decrease in the frequency of action potentials -paralysis of muscle tissue -no effect

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. -lose all short-term memory -have greatly increased long-term memory -lose their sense of balance -have greatly altered emotional responses

Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____. -located in the thalamus and hypothalamus, respectively -located in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, respectively -dispersed along the ventral and dorsal, respectively -organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next -located on the left and right sides, respectively, of the cerebellum

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect _____.

Action potentials move along axons _____. -more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons -more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter -by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane -by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____.

A nerve poison that blocks acetylcholine receptors on dendrites would _____. -inactivate acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to persist in the synapse -inhibit the regeneration of acetylcholine for use by the presynaptic terminals -reduce the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the postsynpatic membrane -cause continued stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane -cause an immediate and enduring depolarization

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____.

Exercise and emergency reactions include _____. -decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions -increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions -increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system -increased activity in the enteric nervous system

In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human, is "corrected" by a(n)

The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

Cardiac Output= ?

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are

Innate immunity is ________.

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

A key part of the humoral immune response is

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens either freely dissolce or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

Clonal selection is an explaination for how

When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood

Peaks of LH and FSH occur during

The primary fxn of the corpus luteum is to

In the sequence of permeability changes for a complete action potential, the first of these events that occurs is

A common feature of action potentials is that they