Anatomy Chapter 22 – Flashcards

Which region of the bronchial tree is NOT in the conducting zone a) alveoli b) nasal cavity c) main bronchus d) larynx e) bronchi

At which level of the respiratory tree is there no cartilage, where smooth muscle takes on an important role in regulating the amount of airflow through the tubule a) bronchioles b) lobar bronchi c) segmental bronchi d) alveoli

A patient has recently undergone surgery on his right subclavian artery. Since then, he has experienced a hoarse voice. Why does he sound like he has a sore throat? a) after surgery, long term intubation apparently damaged his vestibular folds b) during surgery, both recurrent laryngeal nerves may have been cut c) during surgery, surgeons may have damaged his left recurrent laryngeal d) during the surgery, surgeons may have damaged the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Increased activity of which cell causes the deterioration of the alveolar walls that occurs in ephysema a) type I cell b) type II c) endothelial cell d) macrophage

The epithelial lining of the trachea, bronchial tree, and alveoli arise from embryonic ______

To which laryngeal cartilages do the vocal folds attach a) arytenoid and thyroid cartilages b) cricoid and thyroid cartilages c) cuneiform and thyroid cartilages d) epiglottis and thyroid cartilages

What is the histological significane of the mucosa of the oropharynx that is comprised of stratified squamous epithelium a) Gas exchange must occur very rapidly across the membrane b) It allows inhaled particles to be removed through the action of cilia c) It traps and destroys pathogens entering the airway d) The area is subject to abrasion from food, so protection and regeneration are important

The smallest subdivision of the lung that can be seen with the unaided eye is the __________. respiratory membrane lobule bronchopulmonary segment bronchial tree alveolar sac

The superior boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by which structure(s)? The superior boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by which structure(s)? horizontal process of the palatine bones palatine processes of the maxillae septal cartilage and alar cartilage sphenoid and ethmoid bones

The two main bronchi branch from the trachea at what level in a living person? The two main bronchi branch from the trachea at what level in a living person? a) around the level of T4 b) close to the sternal angle c) close to the level of the jugular notch d) approximately T7

Which muscles are active during normal inspiration? a) abdominal muscles b) scalenes, pectoralis minor, and sternocleidomastoid muscles c) diaphragm and intercostal muscles d) external intercostal muscles

What phenomena keeps the lungs inflated? a) the decrease in volume of the lungs and pleural cavity b) pressure in the pleural cavity lower than the pressure in the lungs c) The presence of the muscular diaphragm at the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity. d) the adhesion of the visceral pleura to the internal thoracic wall

When changes in blood chemistry occur the aortic bodies relay sensory impulses to the medulla via __________. a) a relay in the thalamus b) the glossopharyngeal nerve c) the vagus nerve d) the limbic system and hypothalamus

difficult or labored breathing is called _____

Which of these statements about the development of the lungs is FALSE? a) At birth, all the alveoli one will ever have are present. b) Type II alveolar cells begin to produce surfactant by week 26. c) It takes about two weeks after birth for the lungs to become fully inflated. d) No alveoli are present until 24 weeks (month 6) of gestation.

An infectious illness that results in the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli is a) pneumonia. b) emphysema. c) tuberculosis. d) bronchitis.

What is the anatomical relationship of the true vocal folds to the false vocal folds? a) The true vocal folds are inferior to the false vocal folds. b) The true vocal folds are superior to the false vocal folds. c) The true vocal folds are lateral to the false vocal folds. d) The true vocal folds are medial to the false vocal folds.

What are the components of the respiratory membrane? a) the respiratory bronchioles and the walls of the terminal bronchioles b) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae c) the walls of alveolar sacs, the walls of respiratory bronchioles, the walls of alveolar ducts, and the smooth muscle separating them d) capillary walls and the peripheral tissue cells that they contact

What is true of both the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura? a) Both are separated from each other by an air-filled space. b) Both secrete pleural fluid. c) Both secrete surfactant. d) Both cover the lungs directly.

Where does internal respiration take place? a) between air/oxygen in alveoli and the capillaries on the alveolar surface b) at systemic capillaries, between blood and tissue cells c) within the larger blood vessels traveling to organs d) in each respiratory airway from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles e) All of the listed responses are correct.

Which airway is considered the last passageway of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract? a) laryngopharynx b) respiratory bronchioles c) terminal bronchioles d) alveoli e) tertiary bronchi

_______ tonsils are located in the lateral walls of the fauces of the oropharynx

The epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap that prevents food or liquid from being aspirated into the__________ .

What is the function of type I alveolar cells in the alveolar walls? a) secreting surfactant b) manufacturing antibodies c) destroying pathogens d) removing inhaled particles e)external gas exchange in the lungs

The uvula lifts superiorly during swallowing to close off the__________ .

The total area of all alveoli in an average pair of lungs is__________ square meters.

The__________ produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize the thoracic cavity.

The __________ are the most important of the three small cartilages just superior to the cricoid cartilage, because they ______. a) laryngeal prominences / allow for longer vocal folds in males b) cuneiforms / anchor the vocal folds c) corniculates / form a complete ring around the trachea d) arytenoids / anchor the vocal folds

What is the clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segments? a) Bronchopulmonary segments separate the lungs into the two lobes of the left lung and the three lobes of the right lung. b) Bronchopulmonary segments limit the spread of some diseases within the lungs, because infections do not readily cross the connective tissue partitions between them. c) Bronchopulmonary segments divide the thoracic cavity into three separate segments, the central mediastinum and two lateral compartments, which limits the spread of infection.

Loudness of the voice depends on __________. a) the length of the vocal folds b) the significant contributions of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses c) the trachea d) the length of the pharynx e) the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

What is the function of alveolar macrophages found within and between alveoli? a) providing alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed because of disease b) diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli c) equalization of air pressure throughout the lung d) removal of microscopic inhaled particles e) diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus into the blood

Which structures are important for shaping sounds into recognizable consonants and vowels? a) lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and vocal folds b) oral cavity, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses c) thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, ligaments of vocal folds, and rima glottidis d) vocal folds, tongue, and lips e) pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

Collectively, the structures that connect the lungs to the mediastinum are called the__________ of the lung.

Which of the following changes that occurs along the airway from the trachea to the bronchioles is the most important for regulating the amount of air entering the alveoli? a) smooth muscle forms helical bands that wrap around smaller bronchi and bronchioles b) whether Type II alveolar cells are present. c) whether cartilage is in C-shaped rings or irregular plates d) the type of cartilage present e) the change in the type of epithelium from ciliated to non-ciliated

The ridge along the internal aspect of the most inferior tracheal ring is the__________ .

Branches of the pulmonary veins generally lie__________ to the corresponding bronchi within the lungs.

The middle lobe of the right lung is supplied by how many segmental (tertiary) bronchi? two three four five

Which portion of the external nose is formed from bone? bridge of nose dorsum nasi apex of nose ala of nose

Which paranasal sinus does the arrow indicate? nasal concha sphenoid sinus maxillary sinus ethmoidal air cells frontal sinus

Which laryngeal cartilage is composed of elastic cartilage? epiglottis hyoid arytenoid cricoid thyroid

What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the respiratory tube indicated by the arrow? a) simple squamous epithelium b) simple cuboidal epithelium c) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium d) simple columnar epithelium

How would a stab wound that has punctured the pleural cavity on the right lateral side at the level of intercostal space 8 affect the right lung? a) There would be no effect; the right lung is superior to intercostal space 8. b) The right lung would collapse. c) Both lungs would collapse. d) Only the inferior lobe of the right lung would collapse.

Anatomical region of the nasal cavity containing nose hairs. a) olfactory mucosa b) nasal conchae c) nasal septum d) uvula e) vestibule

The smallest airway of the bronchial tree that is primarily responsible for creating bronchoconstriction. lobe of lung bronchiole primary bronchi alveoli sac bronchiopulmonary segment

Alveolar cells that allow rapid diffusion of respiratory gases. a) pseudostratiied columnar epithelial cells b) alveolar macrophages c) endothelial cells d) Type II e) Type I

The serous membrane lining of the wall of the thoracic cavity. visceral pericardium parietal pericardium mucous membrane visceral pleura parietal pleura

The region of the lung served by secondary, or lobar, bronchi. bronchopulmonary segment lingular lobe cardiac notch lobule

Fluid that reduces surface tension of the alveolar walls. pleural fluid serous fluid mucin surfactant lysozyme

The medial opening between the vocal folds through which air passes. vestibule glottis thyrohyoid membrane rima glottidis cricothyroid ligament

Specific location within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. terminal bronchioles bronchopulmonary segments alveoli carina respiratory membrane

Fissure separating the upper and middle lobes of the right lung. superior inferior horizontal carina oblique

The superior and middle nasal conchae are bony projections from the vomer. sphenoid bone. maxillary bone. ethmoid bone

Which cells produce surfactant? type I cells alveolar macrophages chondrocytes type II cells

Which part of the nose is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue? a) the surface connecting to the nasal bones b) the nasal septum c) the border where the nostril attaches to the maxilla d) the apex

The rubbing together of inflamed pleural membranes that produces a stabbing pain in the chest is called rhinitis. influenza. tuberculosis. pleurisy.

Which structure is not located within the nasopharynx? a) palatine tonsil b) tubal tonsil c) pharyngeal tonsil d) opening of the pharyngotympanic tube

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal conchae? a) They deflect particulates to the mucosa. b) They moisten the air. c) They help warm the air. d) They decrease the turbulence in the flow of air through the nasal cavity

Vibrissae are a) large hairlike projections on epithelial cells that line the trachea. b) the sensory organs of the inner ear. c) nose hairs. d) specialized cells in the larynx that react to vibrations of air.

Sympathetic stimulation of terminal bronchioles causes a) secretion of less surfactant. b) a decrease in blood supply to the bronchioles. c) bronchoconstriction. d) bronchodilation.

The left lung a) has a cardiac notch. b) receives oxygenated blood from the heart via the left pulmonary artery. c) has three lobes. d) is supplied entirely by a secondary bronchus.

Which portion of the nasal cavity is lined with sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles? roof (ceiling) nasal conchae vestibule hard and soft palate

The detergent-like molecule that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths is called hemoglobin. bile. oxygen. surfactant.

The passageway between the nasopharynx and the middle ear is the internal acoustic meatus. pharyngotympanic tube. oval window. mastoid sinus.

Of the three different layers of tissue in the wall of the trachea, the outermost layer is the submucosa. lamina propria. adventitia. muscularis.

What type of epithelium occurs in the respiratory mucosa? a) simple columnar epithelium b) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium c) stratified squamous epithelium d) simple squamous epithelium

Some bronchi have names such as the "right upper-lobe bronchus," "left lower-lobe bronchus," and "right middle-lobe bronchus." These are ________ bronchi. primary secondary tertiary very small (about fifteenth-order)

The correct definition of bronchopulmonary segments is a) parts of the lung that are supplied by a single tertiary bronchus (and its branches). b) parts of the lungs that are separated by the oblique and horizontal fissures. c) parts of the lung that are easy to remove during surgery. d) arbitrary subdivisions of a lung, about as large as a fist (0.3 liter).

The ________ flaps over the glottis when we swallow food. palate epiglottis uvula vocal fold

The respiratory mucosa is present throughout each of the following areas except the superior laryngopharynx. bronchi. nasopharynx. nasal cavity.

Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the a) porous structure of the nasal conchae. b) action of the epiglottis. c) ciliated epithelium and mucus that line the respiratory passages. d) abundant blood supply to the nasal mucosa

The ability to vary the pitch of the voice results from varying a) the shape of the cricoid cartilage. b) the size of the laryngeal cartilages. c) the force of air passing over the vocal folds. d) the tension in the vocal folds.

In the wall of the trachea and bronchi, the cartilage rings lie within which tissue layer? a) submucosa b) mucosa c) fibromusculocartilaginous layer d) inner epithelium

Of the following, which is the only organ that is not an upper respiratory structure? nasal cavity vestibule of the nose oropharynx larynx

An aortic aneurysm that presses on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve could lead to a) inability of the carotid sinus to monitor blood gases. b) complete loss of speech. c) paralysis of the diaphragm. d) hoarse speech.

The main function of the elaborate venous plexus in the nasal mucosa is a) to supply extra blood to the brain and supplement the dural sinuses. b) to warm blood and moisten inhaled air. c) to replace vessels broken in nose bleeds. d) diapedesis of leukocytes.

The vocal ligaments attach between the thyroid cartilage and the corniculate cartilage. cricoid cartilage. arytenoid cartilage. cuneiform cartilage.

The trachealis muscle a) initiates the cough reflex. b) raises the larynx when swallowing. c) controls the length and tension of the vocal cords. d) constricts the trachea.

The pharyngeal tonsil is a) synonymous with the adenoids in the roof of the nasopharynx. b) scattered throughout the pharynx. c) in the fauces. d) the largest tonsil.

Supportive cartilage disappears from the bronchial tree at the level of the alveolar duct. lobar bronchi. bronchioles. respiratory bronchiole.

The lobes of a lung are easy to recognize and distinguish from one another because a) they all have slightly different colors. b) each is supplied by a primary bronchus, and the primary bronchi are easy to find. c) carbon from the air accumulates between and outlines the lobes in most people (even if they breathe almost-unpolluted air). d) they are separated by fissures.

Alveolar porse a) equalize air pressure throughout the lung. b) allow gases to transfer from the alveoli to the blood. c) allow pleural fluid to enter the alveoli and keep their walls from sticking together. d) are the openings between the alveolar duct and the alveolus.

The space between the right and left vocal folds is called the a) rima glottidis. b) cricoid. c) vestibule. d) laryngeal inlet.

Which structure does not enter or exit from the hilum of a lung? phrenic nerve pulmonary artery bronchial vein pulmonary plexus

Which structure is both a lower respiratory structure and in the conducting zone? a respiratory bronchiole an alveolus any bronchus the laryngopharynx

In a runner who is breathing heavily during a race, the rima glottidis is half closed. all the way closed. half open. open as far as possible.

It is easy to see on the outer surface of a smoker's lung hexagons approximately the size of the tip of a little finger and clearly outlined by black lines of carbon. These structures are a) bronchopulmonary segments. b) bronchioles. c) lobes. d) lobules.

Which of the following changes does not occur as the conducting tubes of the respiratory tree become smaller? a) Cartilage disappears in the bronchioles. b) Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage. c) Elastin in the walls disappears. d) The lining epithelium thins.

In a preserved cadaver, the first rib is likely to form a groove on which surface of the lung? inferior costal basal apical (apex) mediastinal

The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity. pleura. abdominopelvic cavity. mediastinum.

The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are all located within the lungs true false

Type II alveolar cells produce pleural fluid to keep the walls of the alveoli from collapsing or adhering together. True False

Gas exchange occurs across the bronchi and bronchioles true false

The left lung has both a horizontal fissure and oblique fissure. True False

The pleural cavities extend two ribs below the inferior border of the lungs true false

The groove through which air passes between nasal conchae is called a choanae true false

The respiratory zone begins at the large bronchioles true false

The only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete ring is the cuneiform. True False

The number of secondary, or lobar, bronchi is a distinguishing characteristic of the right and left lungs. True False

The vocal ligaments are attached between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. True False

The mucosal epithelium transitions from pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal along the path to the respiratory bronchioles. True False

Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Which of the following regarding rhinitis is correct? a) The inflammation is accompanied by excessive production of saliva. b) The inflammation is caused by cold viruses, streptococcal bacteria, and high blood pressure. c) It is characterized by nasal congestion, runny nose, and postnatal drip. d) All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following can result in epistaxis? a) Drying of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. b) Trauma to the nose. c) Excessive nose blowing. d) All of the listed responses are correct.

The upper respiratory tract is vulnerable to infection and inflammation. What part of the upper respiratory tract is involved in sinusitis? a) The vestibule of the nasal cavity. b) The nasal cavity proper. c) The paranasal sinuses. d) The nasopharynx.

The upper respiratory tract is vulnerable to infection and inflammation. Inflammation of the adenoids involves what part of the upper respiratory tract? Paranasal sinuses Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Nasal cavity

The upper respiratory tract is vulnerable to infection and inflammation. Inflammation of the vocal folds is known as? Rhinitis Laryngitis Sinusitis Pharyngitis

Which of the following statements regarding a tracheotomy is correct? a) A tracheotomy is usually performed when there is chronic laryngitis. b) A tracheotomy is usually performed when there is blockage the airway in the primary bronchi. c) A tracheotomy is usually performed just superior to the larynx. d) A tracheotomy involves a vertical incision between the second third tracheal rings.

Inflammation of the lining of the thoracic cavity is known as? Sinusitis Laryngitis Rhinitis Pleurisy

Which of the following statements regarding pleural effusion is correct? a) Pleural effusion is inflammation of the pleural membranes. b) Pleural effusion is removal of excess fluid from the parietal pleura. c) Pleural effusion involves build up of gas in the air sacs of the lungs. d) Pleural effusion is build up of fluid in the pleural cavity.

Peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to changes in plasma carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are located ______. a) in the amygdala b) in the hypothalamus c) in the ventral respiratory group in the cerebral cortex d) on the aortic arch and at the fork of the common carotid arteries e) in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata

What is the role of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata? a) Neurons from the VRG stimulate somatic motor neurons to the external intercostal muscles. b) They maintain the basic ventilatory rhythm. c) They sense falling concentrations of O2 or rising levels of CO2. d) They signal the respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of breathing when the blood is too acidic.

When taking in a very deep breath, all of the following respiratory muscles are used, EXCEPT __________. a) the erector spinae and sternocleidomastoid muscles b) the pectoralis minor and quadratus lumborum muscles c) the pectoralis minor and the scalene muscles d) the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles e) the external and internal oblique muscles and the transversus abdominis

As inspiratory muscles contract, the diaphragm moves inferiorly. Simultaneously, what other event occurs? a) The volumes of the thorax and lungs increase, which increases pressure and pushes air out. b) Due to the effects of the positive pressure generated, air is forced into the lungs. c) The volume of the lungs decreases and the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, which forces oxygenated blood into the capillaries leading toward the heart. d) Volumes of the thorax and lungs increase, which decreases pressure and draws air into the lungs. e) None of the listed choices is correct.

These are peripheral chemoreceptors that monitor changes in respiratory gasses and blood acidity levels. medulla oblongata ventral respiratory center carotid bodies vagus nerve reticular activating system

When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the thoracic cavity ________, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity ________, and air flows ________ the lungs. a) decreases; drops; out of b) increases; drops; out of c) decreases; rises; into d) increases; drops; into

Which muscle contracts during forced expiration? sternocleidomastoid serratus anterior internal oblique pectoralis major

The part of the brain that generates the basic respiratory rhythm is the limbic system. cerebrum. hypothalamus. medulla oblongata.

The aortic bodies a) give rise to the pulmonary arteries. b) are in the hilum of the lung. c) sense the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. d) are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Which muscle is used for both quiet inspiration and forced expiration? scalenes external intercostals internal intercostals latissimus dorsi

The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is a group of neurons located within the forebrain. pons. midbrain. medulla oblongata.

Changes in the size of the thoracic cavity bring about inspiration and expiration. True False

The external intercostal muscles are involved in active inspiration true false

When the diaphragm contracts, it raises the floor of the thoracic cavity upward true false

The scalene muscles are involved in deep inspiration true false

A collapsed lung is known as a pneumothorax. What special condition is responsible for maintaining an inflated lung? a) The lungs always maintain a certain amount of residual air in them. b) Passive inhalation always inflates the lungs after each expiration. c) The presence of a negative pressure in the pleural cavity relative to atmospheric pressure. d) The presence of a rigid fibrous skeleton in the walls of the air sacs.

One of the cells that line the air sacs in the lungs produce a substance called surfactant. What condition would arise if surfactant was not produced? a) The air sacs would tend to collapse because of increased surface tension. b) The air sacs would become inflamed and fill with mucus. c) The air sacs would become stiff and not expand with each inhalation. d) The air sacs would tend to expand because of excess air in the lungs.

Signs of chronic bronchitis include __________. a) lowered blood oxygenation, right heart failure, and edema in the lungs b) accumulation of eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils in the bronchi and bronchioles c) collapse of alveoli during expiration d) permanent enlargement of alveoli caused by deterioration of alveolar walls

Which of the following is true of chronic bronchitis? a) It is a viral-induced inflammation that causes the air passageways to narrow; characterized by a cough that sounds like a barking dog. b) It is characterized by permanent enlargement of the alveoli caused by deterioration of the alveolar walls; related to smoking. c) It is the sudden death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep. d) It is an inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrupted throughout the body. In the respiratory tract, viscous mucus blocks respiratory passages. e) Inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages and induce inflammation and fibrosis of this mucosa.

Which of these statements concerning bronchial asthma is accurate? a) During the early phase of an asthma attack, mast cells stimulate bronchoconstriction and secretion of mucus. b) The early and middle stages of an asthma attack are characterized by accumulation of eosinophils, neutrophils, helper T cells, and basophils in the bronchi and bronchioles. c) Asthma is a hereditary condition that results in death at an early age due to accumulation of viscous mucus in respiratory passages. d) Until around 1990, inflammation was considered the primary symptom of asthma. e) Bronchoconstriction is currently considered the primary symptom of asthma.

In lung cancer, the cancer cells usually arise from a) the alveoli. b) the epithelium lining a large bronchus. c) lymph nodes in the lung. d) the smooth muscle fibers around the bronchioles.

Lung cancer occurs slightly more frequently in the right lung than in the left lung (about 53% versus 47% of the time). The most logical explanation for this is that a) most people are right-handed, so everything affects the right side of the body more intensely. b) the right nostril is closed more often than the left one, so it blocks the exhalation of cigarette smoke and causes smoke to back up into the right lung. c) the right primary bronchus is wider than the left one (and the right lung is larger than the left lung), so the right lung receives slightly more carcinogenic cigarette smoke with each puff. d) the tissue of the right lung is more susceptible to carcinogens.

Which pulmonary disease is characterized by a permanent enlargement of the alveoli? emphysema tuberculosis pneumonia lung cancer

A chronic respiratory disease that leads to an expanded "barrel chest" is pneumonia. lung cancer. tuberculosis. emphysema.

What type of embryonic tissue gives rise to the cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissues of the lungs? splanchnic mesoderm endoderm somatic mesoderm intermediate mesoderm

Infants born before 26 weeks gestation are threatened by respiratory distress syndrome resulting from inadequate production of__________ .

Embryologically, the nasal cavity develops from a) a cranial extension of the mouth. b) the nasopharynx. c) invagination of the ectoderm of the olfactory placode. d) the early precursor of the paranasal sinuses.