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HSC 4713 – Flashcards

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14 July 2022

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question

Secondary building blocks in a community map are:

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Assets located within the community, but largely controlled by outsiders.

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What is the first step in community organizing and building?

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Recognizing the issue

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Guidelines to reaching consensus include:

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Avoid "either/or" thinking

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The most accessible assets in community mapping are:

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Primary building blocks.

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A successful coalition:

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involves community volunteer agencies

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The first three considerations when creating a health promotion intervention, as described in our text, include:

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What needs to change, what level of prevention, and what level(s) of influence.

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Health education specialists who work with groups of volunteers should remember that:

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volunteers should receive clear communication and signs of appreciation.

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Health communication strategies are:

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useful in building social norms.

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When producing health education channels, it is important to use the same type of language for all populations.

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false

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Looping back is the middle step in the community organizing and building process.

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false

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"I have put something into this program, and therefore, I am going to support it," is an example of:

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ownership

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Program launch, roll-out, or kick-off are all terms that describe the first day of a program, and they are an extension of the marketing principle of:

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Promotion

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Increasing product awareness, persuading people to purchase a product, and reminding people that a product exists are all primary purposes of which marketing variable?

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promotion

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Failing to act in a reasonable manner is an act of:

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Negligence

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Considering the attributes of a particular product as they would appeal to the priority population is referred to as a(n):

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benefit

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Advantages of using internal health education program personnel include:

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having more control over those involved.

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Which of the following is an advantage of using a pilot program?

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Maintain close control of the program.

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When participants of a health program confirm that they understand what the program is all about with their signature, they are completing the:

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informed consent process.

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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's product or service as distinct from those of other sellers.

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true

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Segmenting a population by things such as social class, lifestyle, and attitudes is known as behavioral segmentation.

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False

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Health-related community service strategies:

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involve services, tests, or treatments within the priority population.

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The number of components or activities that make up the intervention is referred to as:

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Multiplicity

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A written plan outlining what those in the priority population will be taught is called:

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curriculum

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According to our text, community organizing is the science of building consensus within the democratic process.

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False

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A curriculum developed by an outside group for use by others is called a(n):

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canned program

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which of the following is NOT normally a component of a canned health education program?

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A tailored approach for your priority population.

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when no one, including the planners of a health promotion intervention, can connect a participant's identity to information related to the program, it is called:

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Anonymity

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Which of the following is NOT critical to the long-term success of a health promotion program?

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a large staff

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The final phase of the implementation process is to evaluate it.

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true

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In-kind support occurs when generous people provide the cash to get a program started.

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false

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An intervention can only be compromised of multiple activities.

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False

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a group of people who have common characteristics

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community

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Communities are characterized by:

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membership - a sense of identity and belonging common symbols & systems - language, rituals, etc. shared values & norms mutual influence - have influence and are influenced by each other. shared needs and commitment to meeting them shared emotional connection - history, experiences, etc.

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communities can be identified by:

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location, race, ethnicity, age,occupation, interest in particular problems, outcomes, or other common bonds.

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what is the extra step when working with large communities?

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organizing those in the community to come together and work as a group and deal with the needs of the community. (community organizing)

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interventions aimed at the community level are also referred to as :

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population-based approaches.

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the health education professional who begins with the community's felt needs, is more likely to be successful in the change process and in fostering true community ownership of programs and actions.

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true

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a process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems and goals, mobile resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching their goals they have collectively set.

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community organizing

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A holistic approach can successfully deal with problems with which a fragmented approach cannot cope.

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true

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what are the 3 best known categories of community organization?

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Locality development social planning social action

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this is both the task and process oriented as it is concerned with increasing the community's problem-solving ability and achieving concrete changes to redness imbalances of power and privilege between the oppressed or disadvantaged group and the larger society.

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Social action

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is heavily task oriented, focused on rational-empirical problem solving, usually by an outside expert

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social planning

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most like community development and seeks community change through broad self-help participation from the local community.

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Locality development

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grassroots, citizen-initiated, or bottom-up all refer to

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when there is an internal recognition of an issue or concern.

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core group who are committed to the resolution or concern (the health issue usually involves them).

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executive participants

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Good organizers have what three set of skills.

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change vision attributes technical skills interactional/experience skills

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participants who take part in most group activities and are not afraid to do the work that needs to be done.

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Active participants

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people who become involved on an irregular basis and usually only when major decisions are made.

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occasional participants

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those seldom involved but help swell the ranks and may contribute in nonactive ways or through financial contributions.

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Supporting participants

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Which building block are located in the neighborhood and located largely under the control of those who live in the neighborhood.

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primary building block

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resources originating outside the neighborhood and controlled by people outside

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potential building blocks

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private and nonprofit organization, public institutions and services, and physical resources are examples of:

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secondary building blocks

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Designs relates to specially ____

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summative evaluation

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summative evaluations are generally associated with ....

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experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs.

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Formative evaluation

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focuses on the quality of the program content and program implementation

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collects data and informs stakeholders of important findings that could potentially improve a program or its delivery

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formative evaluation

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allows for appropriate changes before a program is fully implemented.

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formative evaluation

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degree to which a program, service, or activity is mandated or approved by relevant stakeholders and justified y needs assessment data and analysis

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justification

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degree to which a program, service, or activity is evidence based.

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evidence

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when evaluators carefully examine the competency of those who are designing and implementing a program.

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assessing capacity

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relates to adequate internal and external funding in/or assistance from partner organizations.

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resources

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what are the three types of cost analyses related related to the concept of resources, which helps planners in picking specific interventions?

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cost-identification analysis cost-benefit analysis cost-effectiveness anaylsis

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pretesting can be defined in what two ways?

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testing components of a program, services, and products with the priority population prior to implementation and collecting baseline data prior to program implementation that will be compared with posttest data to measure the effectiveness of programs.

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where as _____________ focuses on specific program components, _________ generally assesses programs in limited areas and/or time periods.

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pretesting piolet testing

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presents the entire program to a limited manageable number of members of the priority population.

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piolet testing

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allows for "dry runs" to assess and measure the overall quality of a program

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piolet testing

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any combination of measurements that permit conclusions to be drawn about impact, outcome, or benefits of a program.

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summative evaluation

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focuses on intermediate indicators such as awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills, environment, and behaviors.

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Impact evaluations

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focuses on long-term program measures such as mortality, morbidity, or disability.

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outcome evaluation

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Summative evaluation includes both _______ and _______ evaluations.

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impact and outcome

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confounding variable

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one that has an unpredictable or unexpected impact on the dependent variable. relate to to the element of context as measured in process evaluation.

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the design of an evaluation must produce information that will answer the evaluation questions of stakeholders.

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true

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one should strive to devise an ideal evaluation as opposed to an optimal evaluation.

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false (you want optimal over ideal)

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quantitative data is to deductive and qualitative data is to ________.

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inductive

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steps in selecting an evaluation design: (4 steps)

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orientation to the situation - identify resources, constraints, and hidden agendas defining the problem - what is to be evaluated basic design decision - qualitative, quantitative, or combo choose measurement, data collection and analysis, reporting results

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results in interpretable and supportive evidence of program effectiveness, but usually cannot control for all factors that affect the validity of the results. There are no random assignments to the groups, and comparisons are made on experimental and comparisons groups.

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Quasi-experimental design

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without the use of comparison groups or control groups, has little control over factors that affect the validity of the results.

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Non-experimental designs

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offers the greatest control over the various factors that may influence the results; random assignment of persons to experimental and control groups with measurement of both groups; produces the most interpretable and supportive evidence of effectiveness

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Experimental design

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What is the difference between a control group and a comparison group?

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Comparison groups are not randomly selected or assigned. This is when participants cannot be randomly assigned to an experimental or control group, a nonequivalent group may be selected, aka comparison group.

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the degree to which change that was measured can be attributed to the program and allows evaluators to speak with more confidence that the program itself actually made a difference

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Internal validity

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why is it difficult to determine if the outcome of internal validity was brought about by the program or some other cause?

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due to the many factors that threaten internal validity (singly or combination)

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what are the factors that threaten internal validity?

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a. History b. Maturation c. Testing d. Instrumentation e. Statistical regression f. Selection g. Mortality h. Diffusion/imitation of treatments i. Compensatory equalization j. Compensatory rivalry k. Resentful demoralization of respondents receiving less desirable treatments

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the most significant way internal validity can be controlled is through _______.

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randomization

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the extent to which the program can be expected to produce similar effects in other populations aka generalizability

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External validity

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is most closely associated with program evaluations that involve large sample sizes and are found to be internally valid

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generalizability

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The extent to which the program can be expected to produce similar effects in other populations

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generalizability

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the more a program is tailored to a particular population, the greater the threat to external validity, and the less likely that program can be generalized to another group.

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true

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reactive effects are factors that can affect _________ validity.

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external

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threats to external validity are:

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social desirability expectancy effect hawthorne effect placebo effect

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threats to external validity can be counteracted by making a greater effort to treat all subjects identically.

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true

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triple blind study, information is not available to?

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participants, planners, and evaluators

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What are the four standards for program evaluation according to the CDC framework?

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Utility - ensure that information needs of evaluation users are satisfied Feasibility - ensure that the evaluation is realistic and affordable Propriety - ensure that the evaluation is ethical Accuracy - ensure that the evaluation produces findings that are considered correct

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What are the six steps involved in conducting an evaluation according to the CDC framework?

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Engaging stakeholders Describing the program Focusing the evaluation design Gathering credible evidence Justifying conclusions

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What are the two basic purposes of evaluation?

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Assessing and improving quality Determining effectiveness

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the process of determining the value or worth of a health promotion program or any of its components based on predetermined criteria or standards of acceptability identified by stakeholders; process of making judgments

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Evaluation

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How can program planners reduce their risk of liability?

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Be aware of liabilities Use certified instructors Use good judgment Require informed consent Get medical clearance Limit work to expertise Provide safe environment Purchase liability insurance

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What is HIPAA?

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Health /insurance Portability and Accountability Act, sets national standards for protecting and guarding identifiable health information

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exists when no one can relate a participant's identity to any information about the program; used to safeguard the privacy of participants

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Anonymity

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exists when identifiable information is only known to a select a number of people and protected against others; used to safeguard the privacy of participants

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Confidentiality

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what is negligence?

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Failing to act in a reasonable manner.

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Dose refers to the number of components that make up an intervention.

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false

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A strategy is a general plan of action for affecting a health problem, and is limited to only one activity.

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false

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It is best to stay with one channel of communication when preparing to reach various cultural groups with health messages.

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false

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Health policy/enforcement strategies often need to be presented in light of the common good.

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true

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Strategies that do not necessarily require action on the part of the priority population are Environmental Change Strategies.

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true

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A person who organizes a community coalition to enact changes that influence health is using the advocacy strategy of direct lobbying.

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false

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Social reinforcers and material reinforcers are two categories of incentives.

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true

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The American Public Health Association and Centers for Disease Control guidelines for establishing feasibility of health promotion programs included the criterion that health promotion programs should make optimum use of available resources.

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true

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The term "best practices" refers to recommendations for an intervention based on review of many studies that substantiate the intervention's efficacy.

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true

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Although using multiple strategies in an intervention may be cumbersome, it is worthwhile because they are much easier to evaluate.

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false

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Adults are motivated to learn by the need to solve problems.

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true

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SMOG, Fog-Gunning, and Fry are all __________.

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readability formulas

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A written plan outlining what those in the priority population will be taught is called __________.

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curriculum

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Health-related community service strategies __________.

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involve services, tests, or treatments within the priority population

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Behavior modification __________.

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is based on Stimulus-Response and Social Cognitive theories

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In the Multidirectional Communication Model, communication does NOT occur through __________.

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sender shared horizontal

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Factors that affect how we communicate, understand, and respond to Health Information are called __________.

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health literacy

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The methods of professional change that deal with issues beyond the individual, family, and small group level are called __________.

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macro practice

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Internal recognition of a community issue or concern is referred to as __________.

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citizen-initiated organizing

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When someone from outside of a community recognizes a problem within that community __________.

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gatekeepers should be sought out

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Supporting participants of a community organization effort __________.

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are seldom involved, but may contribute in non-active ways

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Humor, gestures, expectations, and values of different groups within a community should be avoided by those trying to work within that community.

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false

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Community stakeholders must be the ones to establish priorities and set goals if community organizing is to succeed.

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true

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Welfare expenditures, public capital information expenditures, and public information are considered secondary building blocks.

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false potential

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A coalition is the formal alliance of organizations working for a common goal.

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true

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According to your text, tasks related to identifying and allocating resources come from all EXCEPT which of the following areas of responsibility for health educators?

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Area I and Area IV

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Regarding personnel available for program implementation, planners should first __________.

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focus on the tasks that need to be completed

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Which of the following questions would NOT be included on a checklist to evaluate vendors of products or services?

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Has the vendor settled its lawsuits?

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When program planners select a curriculum to use, they should __________.

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consider options for external and/or internal curricula

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When evaluating materials using the SAM method, learning stimulation and motivation can be rated by __________.

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interaction used

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Which of the following isNOT normally a component of a canned health education program?

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a tailored approach for your priority population

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Charging members of the priority population for a health education intervention __________.

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may be more appropriate if a sliding payment scale is used

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third-party payers for health education programming __________.

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could be employers or professional associations

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Resources include the human, fiscal, and technical assets available to plan, implement, and evaluate a program.

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true

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When individuals who are part of a priority population also serve to educate their population, the process is called external sourcing.

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false internal

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A local speaker's bureau can provide excellent program resources as well as improved public relations and recognition.

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true

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It is important to determine if a vendor's costs for services or products are competitive with costs of other vendors.

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true

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A person with the ability to understand and respect values, attitudes, beliefs, and mores that differ across cultures, and is able to respond appropriately to these differences is culturally sensitive.

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false

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The SAM list is used when planners need to complete a Strategic Assessment Map (SAM).

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fasle Suitable assessment of materials

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Health educators should consider whether a canned program they are thinking about using will be enjoyable for the priority population.

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true

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Grant funding, which is available for a limited time period is often called soft money.

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true

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In-kind support occurs when generous people provide the cash to get a program started.

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false

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One person can grasp all the information and skills necessary to plan and implement an intervention.

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false

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Which of the following is NOT a key principle for marketing of products and programs?

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keep the product available only in limited areas or time periods

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Segmentation of a priority population __________.

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helps identify similar consumer groups within a population

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Which of the following is NOT a criterion to consider potential population segments?

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reproducible

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A person who stands in line all night long to be the first to buy the newest version of the iPad, could be considered a(n) __________.

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innovator

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Related to the four marketing variables, which of the following is an important core benefit as it relates to health?

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Develop a product that satisfies needs and desires of clients.

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All EXCEPT which of the following are topics a planner would want to receive feedback on during a pretest?

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Will the Priority Population purchase the product?

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The second pretesting phase __________.

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tests the promotional strategy messages and materials

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Responsibility VII, Competency 7.2 of Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators is Identify and Develop a variety of communication strategies, methods and techniques. This is particularly helpful for marketing skills.

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true

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The process of marketing works on the underlying theory of exchanging ideas

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false

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Psychographic segmentation can be based on criteria such as health insurance and health behavior.

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false

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Using the Diffusion Theory for marketing a health program is helpful because it allows marketers to use different techniques based on the type of people involved.

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true

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Always consider the competition when developing health promotion interventions.

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true

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Marketing's traditional "Four P's" include product, price, priority, and promotion.

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false place not priority

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Considering whether or not a person is ready to find out if she is HIV positive is an emotional price of participating in a health program.

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true

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Health promotion programs are always better if they can make a profit.

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false

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A strong brand can be harmful to product image.

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false

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Pretesting ensures planners are going to be successful in implementing their interventions.

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false

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The simplest form of timetable for program planners is the __________.

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key activity chart

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A Gantt chart __________.

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uses varied size lines to indicate completion of tasks

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Which of the following is NOT a common way to start putting health plans into action?

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parallel pilots

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Which of the following is NOT part of a checklist of emergency care plan items?

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Participants with high-risk problems must maintain their anonymity.

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The ethical principle of non-maleficence is __________.

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the obligation to do no harm

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When no one, including planners of a health promotion intervention, can connect a participant's identity to information related to the program it is called __________.

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anonymity

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The act of converting planning, goals, and objectives into action is called implementation.

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true

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A PERT chart is a user-friendly, simple way to track events in planning and implementation.

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false

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The process of achieving results through controlling human, financial, and technical resources is known as management.

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true

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Tying your new program to an event in the news or current health issue is called using a news hook.

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true

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The final phase of the implementation process is to evaluate it.

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false

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Once planners have obtained a release of liability from participants, planners cannot be sued as a result of the program.

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false

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If a health educator failed to provide accurate information about prevention of infectious disease, it could be considered negligence through an act of commission.

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false

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A program procedural manual can help to avoid Type III errors.

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true

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Ongoing observation and evaluation during a program can help in readjusting strategies or components if problems develop.

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true

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Planners should keep all stakeholders informed throughout the program process.

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true

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Health promotion programs for people with disabilities should have an underlying conceptual framework.

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true

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A logic model visually conveys the connection between a program and the desired outcomes.

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true

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Responsibility IV of the Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators, Conduct Evaluation and Research Related to Health Education, specifically addresses evaluation through all EXCEPT which of the competencies listed below?

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Competency 4.2: Design Instruments

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Formative evaluation __________.

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relates to quality assessment

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Treadmill tests or percent body fat relate to which type of standard of acceptability?

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norms established by research

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Checking to see whether or not a program is being implemented as it was intended is an example of __________.

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process evaluation

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Changed knowledge, attitudes, or skills are measures of __________.

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impact evaluation

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Utility, feasibility, propriety, and accuracy __________.

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are four standards of evaluation

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A suitable program evaluation consultant __________.

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considers programmatic realities when designing an evaluation

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The most critical purposes of program evaluations are assessing and improving quality, and determining effectiveness.

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true

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As it applies to health promotion, evaluation has been defined as the comparison of an object of interest against a standard of acceptability.

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TRUE

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The true mark of program success should always be linked to the extent to which its goals and objectives are achieved.

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true

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Step 1 of the CDC's framework for program evaluation is to gather credible evidence.

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false

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A logic model is often used for Step 2 of the CDC's framework for program evaluation.

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true

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Baseline data are collected immediately following the end of a short term program.

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false

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The best way to keep summative evaluation results from being biased is to wait until the project's end to plan them.

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false

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An institutional review board is available to provide methodological guidance to evaluators, but is limited to survey research only.

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false

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In order to be ethical, an evaluation should be reported in an identical format to all interested groups.

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false

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The evaluation planning process should include a determination of how the results will be used.

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true

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The term evaluation design __________.

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refers to summative evaluation

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As a part of comprehensive evaluation strategies, assessing capacity means __________.

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examining the competency of those who design and implement programs

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The extent to which a program was delivered as planned or as per protocol is called __________.

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fidelity

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Contracting with a small group of professionals who are not associated with the program, but who have expertise in the program area, to collect data, analyze the program, draw conclusions, and recommend action is called __________.

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an expert panel review

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Which of the following is TRUE about pretesting?

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It can be a collection of baseline data prior to program implementation.

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A process that determines how many dollars will be returned for dollars invested in a health promotion program is called __________.

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cost-benefit analysis

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Step 2 of the model for selecting an evaluation design found in your text involves ___________.

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dependent variables

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Which of the following is NOT a practical way to use quantitative and qualitative measures in evaluation?

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Use alternating qualitative and quantitative methods, several times each.

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The following evaluation design is called __________. (R) O1 X O2 (R) O1 O2

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experimental pretest-posttest design

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A threat to internal validity, which brings about differences in experimental and control groups due to lack of randomization is called __________.

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selection

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Evaluation processes and designs are most closely related to Area of Responsibility IV for Health Educators.

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true

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Dose is a measurement of any confounding factors that could affect program participation or results.

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false

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Reach is a term that describes the proportion of the priority population given the opportunity to participate in the program.

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true

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Although summative evaluation can be helpful, it is often sufficient to complete process evaluation measures and avoid costly summative evaluation measures.

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false

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Evaluations are not of much benefit to programmers unless they are fully researched, and the ideal evaluation is conducted.

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false

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The qualitative method of evaluation is a deductive method.

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false

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A group of people who meet regularly to discuss problems and identify possible solutions is called a quality circle.

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true

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The best research designs involve having widely diverse control and experimental groups.

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false

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One way to determine the effects of a program over time is to use a staggered treatment design.

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true

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The extent to which a program can be expected to produce similar effects in other populations is known as external validity.

answer

true

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