endocrine and special senses study – Flashcards

The blind spot of the eye is caused by ________. more rods than cones within the retina the macula lutea interrupts the nerve pathway there are no photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye an absents of cones in the foveae

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. cortisol epinephrine estrogen testosterone

Dancers will use a technique called "spotting" when they perform spins of the body. By holding their head and eyes on a fixed point in front of them as their body spins they reduce the amount of head spinning and this prevents dizziness. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why this works? This helps keep the motions detected by the eyes congruent (aligned) with the motions sensed by the vestibular apparatus. When the eyes send a static vision of stability to the brain, it is tricked into believing the body is still and therefore dizziness will not occur. Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymph that deflects the hair cells of the crista ampullaris. This will help to reduce the lateral flection of the head and will prevent hyper polarization or depolarization of the hair cells in the macula.

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. general circulatory system hepatic portal system feedback loop hypophyseal portal system

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. cellular affinity a stressor reaction sensitivity increase up-regulation

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. true False

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction? feedback antagonism synergism permissiveness

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? the spleen the heart the skin the kidney

Bitter taste is elicited by ________. hydrogen ions metal ions acids alkaloids

Oxytocin ________. exerts its most important effects during menstruation is an anterior pituitary secretion controls milk production release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. True False

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) growth hormone

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? chlorine sodium calcium iron

All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second-messenger system. True False

All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane. True False

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. runs through the infundibulum connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland is the site of prolactin synthesis conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. hepatic portal system feedback loop hypophyseal portal system general circulatory system

Which of the following is the best explanation for our perception of color? Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The foveae are densely packed with cones. As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell.

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? humoral hormonal enzymatic neural

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. True False

Which of the following is true about photoreceptors? If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the color perceived is black. Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision. Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow. In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis.

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium. True False

A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the following is likely to be a result? The patient will have a loss of balance with dizziness and vertigo. The patient will have increased sensitivity to sound in the unaffected ear. The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds. The patient will not be able to track objects with the eye on the same side as the hearing loss.

Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? thyroid stimulating hormone cortisol parathyroid hormone growth hormone

Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors? Colors are added and enhanced in the primary visual cortex of the brain. Color perception is dependent on the millions of rods as well as cone photoreceptors. Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types. Shades of color are purely psychological and learned by association with age, infants only seeing in black and white.

Tinnitus, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________. Ménière's syndrome strabismus motion sickness conjunctivitis

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. True False

Dark adaptation ________. results in inhibition of rod function is much faster than light adaptation primarily involves improvement of acuity and color vision involves accumulation of rhodopsin

Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________. has no nerve supply does not contain connective tissue is not a living tissue has no blood supply

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? growth hormone luteinizing hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) follicle-stimulating hormone

Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production. True False

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________. occipital lobe of the cortex superior colliculus chiasma thalamus

Addison's disease is usually due to an insufficient output of glucocorticoids only. True False

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? It causes positive feedback. It does not require a second messenger to cause a response. It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. It is very specific in the cell type it targets.

Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________. go to the superior colliculus only pass posteriorly without crossing over at the chiasma divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma

The oval window is connected directly to which passageway? scala tympani pharyngotympanic tube external acoustic meatus scala vestibuli

Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin. True False

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility.

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis. True False

During dark adaptation ________. the sensitivity of the retina decreases the cones are activated rhodopsin accumulates in the rods the rate of rhodopsin breakdown is accelerated

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________. superior colliculus occipital lobe of the cortex thalamus chiasma

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? aldosterone glucagon thyroxine insulin

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? chlorine sodium iron calcium

What is the main function of the rods in the eye? depth perception vision in dim light color vision accommodation for near vision

In a person who is color blind, which of the following would you most expect to see? a loss of their peripheral vision an inability to regenerate 11-cis-retinal after bleaching a loss of functions in the rods of their retina absence of green or red cones in their foveae

Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________. substances in solution stretching of the receptor cells movement of a cupula the movement of otoliths

Flavor preferences, our likes and dislikes are said to have a "homeostatic value". Which of the following is the best example of this homeostatic value for taste preferences? Capsaicin is a chemical compound in chili peppers. Nociceptors in the mouth respond to this chemical with the sensation of heat. Monosodium glutamate is a food additive that stimulates umami taste (gustatory) cells. Alkaloids are chemical compounds in plants that are frequently toxic "antifeedant" chemicals. Alkaloids are often unpleasantly bitter. The temperature, smell and texture of foods will influence its overall taste.

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. thyroid gland thymus gland adrenal medulla pancreas

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. vestibule cochlea tympanic membrane semicircular canals

Visual inputs to the ________ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark. suprachiasmatic nucleus lateral geniculate body superior colliculi pretectal nuclei

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________. chiasma superior colliculus thalamus occipital lobe of the cortex

Damage to the medial rectus muscles would probably affect ________. pupil constriction accommodation refraction convergence

Select the correct statement about equilibrium. Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues at a constant rate. Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate of impulse transmission. Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration. The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae is responsible for static equilibrium.

Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it? umami-triglycerides and fatty acids sour-acids bitter-alkaloids sweet-organic substances such as sugar and some lead salts salty-metal ions

Leptin is secreted by ________. lymphocytes fibroblasts goblet cells adipose cells

The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ________. superior oblique medial rectus inferior oblique lateral rectus

Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? They are chemoreceptors. They have a short life span of about 60 days. They are unipolar neurons. They are ciliated.

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? lens cornea aqueous humor iris

The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by ________. high volume sounds can travel all the way the apex of the scala vestibule with enough energy remaining to deflect hair cells vibration along a greater length of the basilar membrane, stimulating a greater number of hair cells greater movement of the basilar membrane resulting in greater deflection of the hair cells faster vibration of the basilar membrane resulting in a higher frequency of hair cell stimulation

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary first enter into the hypophyseal portal system enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary travel by arteries to the pituitary

As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH growth hormone ADH

Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness? cochlear nerve degeneration middle ear infection impacted cerumen otosclerosis

Motion sickness seems to ________. respond best to medication that "boosts" vestibular inputs respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem

If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The best explanation for this is ________. a small portion of light always enters the other eye this in fact does not occur and information from both eyes is always separated information from one eye is directly and immediately transferred to the other eye to maintain alignment of the eyes sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. estrogen cortisol epinephrine testosterone

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? rod cells bipolar cells cone cells ganglion cells

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone insulin, because insulin is a small peptide steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following is the best explanation of why it is difficult to discriminate the color of an object at night? Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The foveae are densely packed with cones. As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell.

Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it? sweet-organic substances such as sugar and some lead salts umami-triglycerides and fatty acids sour-acids salty-metal ions bitter-alkaloids

The tarsal plate of the eyelid ________. assists in the act of winking is composed of connective tissue surrounding a thin cartilage plate is connected to the superior rectus muscle is connected to the levator palpebrae

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? neural positive hormonal humoral

Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear? pinna pharyngotympanic tube external acoustic meatus tympanic membrane

The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the ________. visual cortex temporal lobe superior colliculi lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. sensitivity increase a stressor reaction up-regulation cellular affinity

Light passes through the following structures in which order? cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. tympanic membrane vestibule semicircular canals cochlea

The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by ________. vibration along a greater length of the basilar membrane, stimulating a greater number of hair cells greater movement of the basilar membrane resulting in greater deflection of the hair cells high volume sounds can travel all the way the apex of the scala vestibule with enough energy remaining to deflect hair cells faster vibration of the basilar membrane resulting in a higher frequency of hair cell stimulation

The elasticity of the lens decreases with age. This leads to which of the following lowered accommodation of the pupillary reflex and blurry vision a clouding of the lenses know as a cataract less light getting to the retina and diminished visual acuity less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects

Which of the following is the best explanation for why night vision is fuzzy and indistinct? Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The foveae are densely packed with cones. As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell.

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. runs through the infundibulum connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis is the site of prolactin synthesis

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? lens cornea iris aqueous humor

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. antibodies proteins hormones enzymes

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release

Examples of adrenal gland short-term stress responses include immune system suppression and retention of salt and water by the kidneys. True False

Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation. In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli. Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes.

The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________. rods and cones ganglion cells amacrine cells bipolar cells

Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________. eye skin nose ears

Eicosanoids do NOT include ________. hydrocortisones paracrines prostaglandins leukotrienes

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? stimulation of mitosis a change in membrane potential direct control of the nervous system an increase in enzyme synthesis

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP synthesizing more than one hormone at a time altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ