AP Psych Chapter 12 Vocab – Flashcards
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archetypes
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emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
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behaviorism
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a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
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collective unconscious
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a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past
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collectivism
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involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to
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compensation
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involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities
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conscious
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consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
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defense mechanisms
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largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
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displacement
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diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target
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ego
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the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle
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extraverts
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tend to be interested in the external world of people and things
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factor analysis
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correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
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fixation
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a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
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hierarchy of needs
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a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to how events actually turned out
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humanism
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a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
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id
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the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle
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identification
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bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
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incongruence
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the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience
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individualism
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involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of person attributes rather than group memberships
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introverts
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tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences
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model
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a person whose behavior is observed by another
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need for self-actualization
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the need to fulfill one's potential
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observational learning
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occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
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oedipal complex
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children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent
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personal unconscious
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houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten
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personality
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refers to an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
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personality trait
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a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
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phenomenological approach
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assumes that one has to appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior
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pleasure principle
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demands immediate gratification of its urges
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preconscious
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contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
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projection
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attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
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projective tests
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ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits
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psychodynamic theories
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includes all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces
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psychosexual stages
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developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
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rationalization
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creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviors
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reaction formation
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behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings
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reality principle
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seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found
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reciprocal determinism
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the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and over all behavior influence one another
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regression
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a reversion to immature patterns of behavior
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repression
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keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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self-actualizing persons
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people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth
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self-concept
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a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
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self-efficacy
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refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
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self-enhancement
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involves focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average
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self-report inventories
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personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior
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striving for superiority
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a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges
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superego
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the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
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unconscious
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contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
