AP Psychology Unit 8 Test Questions – Flashcards

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory. a. cognitive activity b. subjective well-being c. physiological arousal d. catharsis e. stress

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the a. hippocampus. b. hypothalamus. c. cerebellum. d. brainstem. e. amygdala.

Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the a. thalamus. b. cortex. c. hypothalamus. d. cerebellum. e. hippocampus.

The low-road pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala most directly contributes to emotional ________ responses. a. conscious b. automatic c. self-controlled d. slowly developed e. cathartic

Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low grade on a test depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by a. physical arousal. b. relative deprivation. c. cognitive appraisals. d. genetic predispositions. e. moral judgments.

Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking? a. hatred b. love c. fear d. depression e. regret

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal? a. adaptation-level b. relative deprivation c. Cannon-Bard d. two-factor e. catharsis theory

When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by a. decreases in blood sugar levels. b. slowing of digestion. c. increases in salivation. d. constriction of pupils to increase visual acuity. e. decreases in respiration rate.

During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release ________ into the bloodstream. a. insulin b. acetylcholine c. norepinephrine d. glucose e. testosterone

Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful situations? a. sympathetic b. central c. somatic d. parasympathetic e. autonomic

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system. a. sympathetic b. central c. somatic d. parasympathetic e. endocrine

Walking home from work late one night, Jaydra suddenly hears footsteps behind her. Her heart pounds, her muscles tense, and her mouth goes dry. These bodily responses are activated by her ________ nervous system. a. central b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. somatic e. stressor

The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________. a. raising of blood sugar; lowering of blood sugar b. inhibition of digestion; activation of digestion c. contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils d. increasing blood pressure; decreasing blood pressure e. heightened respiration rate; lowered respiration rate

Which of the following best describes task performance? a. It is best when physiological arousal is moderate. b. It is worst when physiological arousal is moderate. c. It is best when physiological arousal is low. d. It is best when physiological arousal is high. e. It is mediocre when physiological arousal is moderate

Relatively high levels of physiological arousal would most likely interfere with effectively a. solving a crossword puzzle. b. repeating the alphabet. c. riding a bicycle. d. washing dishes. e. enjoying a televised football game.

Nikolaus, a high school junior, is on both the track and golf teams. How will a high level of physiological arousal affect his running the 100-meter dash and his accuracy in making long putts in a golf tournament? a. It will have no effect on his running and will interfere with his putting. b. It will enhance his running and will enhance his putting. c. It will enhance his running and will interfere with his putting. d. It will interfere with his running and will enhance his putting. e. It will enhance his running and will have no effect on his putting

Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when you are evacuated from a building that is on fire? a. pupils dilate b. digestion is inhibited c. adrenal glands produce noradrenaline d. respiration increases e. heart rate slows

A psychologist would have the greatest difficulty differentiating between anger and fear by monitoring the ________ associated with each. a. hormone secretions b. finger temperatures c. heart rates d. brain activity e. cognitive experiences

Researchers wanting to stimulate distinct, specific emotions would be most successful if they could do which of the following? a. manipulate heart rates b. change internal body temperature c. stimulate different brain regions d. modify the secretion of adrenaline e. increase respiration rate

Research on the physiological states accompanying specific emotions indicates that a. each emotion has a unique pattern of sympathetic nervous system activity. b. emotions such as happiness and surprise are accompanied by different blood pressure levels. c. different emotions involve activation of different brain circuits. d. every emotion has precisely the same pattern of limbic system activity. e. the amygdala uses different neurotransmitters in responding to different emotions.

Observers watching angry faces show less brain activity in the ________ than do those watching fearful faces. a. cerebellum b. thalamus c. amygdala d. hippocampus e. medulla

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the a. Cannon-Bard theory. b. adaptation-level principle. c. James-Lange theory. d. catharsis hypothesis. e. relative deprivation principle.

Which of the following research findings is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. Facial expressions of emotion inhibit the conscious experience of emotion. b. Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions. c. People with spinal cord injuries experience a considerable increase in the intensity of their angry feelings. d. Similar hormones are released during both anger and excitement. e. Most emotional experience results from amygdala activation.

Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________. a. blood sugar decrease; blood sugar increase b. right prefrontal cortex activation; left prefrontal cortex activation c. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system d. the relative deprivation principle; the adaptation-level principle e. release of epinephrine; release of nor epinephrine

Ann was extremely angry at her boss. A brain scan would reveal more activity in Ann's a. right hemisphere. b. temporal lobe. c. occipital lobe. d. left hemisphere. e. cerebellum.

For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n) a. electrocardiograph. b. electroencephalograph. c. myograph. d. tomograph. e. polygraph.

Mr. Hanson is strongly suspected of embezzling money from his employer. He has denied the allegation. To determine whether he is lying, investigators are most likely to ask Mr. Hanson to take a(n) ________ test. a. electrocardiograph b. electroencephalograph c. polygraph d. myograph e. tomograph

Although newspapers reported that a murder victim had been stabbed with a knife, two police investigators knew that the actual murder weapon was a letter opener. While carefully monitoring the changes in the heart rate and perspiration level of a prime suspect, the investigators asked him if he typically used a letter opener on his mail. The investigators were making use of the a. two-factor theory. b. adaptation-level phenomenon. c. relative deprivation principle. d. guilty knowledge test. e. catharsis hypothesis.

Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests indicates that they a. are rarely wrong. b. err about 10 percent of the time. c. err about one-third of the time. d. are no more accurate than a 50-50 coin toss. e. are more accurate when used on children rather than adults.

Polygraphs are designed to measure the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration that are thought to accompany specific emotions. Which theory of emotion best supports this assumption? a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. Schachter-Singer d. opponent-process e. fight or flight

A polygraph examination of a suspected murderer included an assessment of his reaction to a detailed description of the victim's clothing and death wounds—details that would be known only to a person at the scene of the crime. The investigators were using the a. catharsis hypothesis. b. facial feedback effect. c. guilty knowledge test. d. adaptation-level phenomenon. e. two-factor theory.

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of a. love. b. anger. c. surprise. d. happiness. e. boredom.

Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's a. eyes. b. lips. c. hand gestures. d. body postures. e. nonverbal actions.

Eva's boyfriend says he loves her, but she wants proof. To obtain the most trustworthy nonverbal signals of how he really feels, Eva should carefully observe a. his general body posture when he stands near her. b. the way he holds her hand when they walk together. c. how close he stands to her when they are talking. d. his facial expressions when they spend time together. e. the way he positions his legs when he sits near her.

When viewing subliminally flashed words, we are especially likely to sense the presence of words such as a. mind. b. body. c. life. d. death. e. work.

We find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are a. afraid. b. angry. c. lying. d. disgusted. e. satisfied.

People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails because they underestimate the importance of ________ in communication. a. relative deprivation b. the spillover effect c. tones of voice d. the adaptation-level phenomenon e. emotional adjectives

Research participants who glimpsed a face for one-tenth of a second were able to judge someone's trustworthiness. This finding suggests that a. some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking. b. different emotions have distinct biological features. c. physiological arousal precedes emotional experience. d. there is a connection between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system. e. our brains are able to quickly detect distinct emotions.

Compared with males, females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone in distress. This best illustrates a. the adaptation-level phenomenon. b. the spillover effect. c. relative deprivation. d. empathy. e. facial feedback.

People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to a. the way they categorize basic emotions such as fear and anger. b. their facial expressions of different emotions such as sadness or surprise. c. the specific states of physiological arousal associated with their feelings of happiness or disgust. d. how they interpret hand gestures such as the "thumbs up" signal. e. their physiological reactions to extreme emotional states.

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are a. learned in early childhood. b. different in Eastern and Western cultures. c. the same throughout the world. d. more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents. e. more similar in women than in men.

The fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a similar manner best illustrates the impact of a. human genetic similarities. b. the adaptation-level phenomenon. c. the catharsis hypothesis. d. the spillover effect. e. facial feedback.

In which country are people most likely to convey visible facial expressions of their inner feelings? a. China b. Australia c. Japan d. India e. Korea

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates the a. evolutionary perspective. b. relative deprivation principle. c. Cannon-Bard theory. d. two-factor theory. e. adaptation-level principle.

Researchers attempt to understand emotions using biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. The psychological level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize the importance of a. arousal. b. cognitive labeling. c. facial expressiveness. d. evolutionary adaptiveness. e. the role of the amygdala.

Research has demonstrated that in the presence of an authority figure, Japanese men are more likely than American men to mask negative expressions with a smile. These differences in expressing emotion are best explained by a. facial feedback. b. the spillover effect. c. display rules. d. the action of the amygdala. e. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This finding best serves to support the a. relative deprivation principle. b. Cannon-Bard theory. c. adaptation-level principle. d. James-Lange theory. e. catharsis hypothesis.

If you grimace in fear while taking a difficult test, this facial expression is likely to cause a. you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear. b. you to have less difficulty recalling the correct answers to the test questions. c. your blood sugar levels to decrease. d. your medulla to activate a stress response. e. you to retrieve information more quickly and accurately for the test.

Patients reportedly feel less depressed following between-the-eyebrows Botox injections that immobilize their frown muscles. This best illustrates the a. feel-good, do-good phenomenon. b. adaptation-level phenomenon. c. spillover effect. d. facial feedback effect. e. relative-deprivation effect.

People experience a mood shift when they switch from taking short shuffling steps to taking long strides and swinging their arms by their sides. This best illustrates a. the adaptation-level phenomenon. b. the spillover effect. c. the behavior feedback phenomenon. d. the feel-good, do good phenomenon. e. the catharsis effect.

Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate a. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. b. the catharsis of aggressive feelings. c. parasympathetic nervous system activity. d. empathy. e. well-being

The university's psychology department and school of medicine are cosponsoring a new professional program that applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease. They are clearly offering a new degree in a. medical psychology. b. human engineering. c. holistic medicine. d. behavioral medicine. e. psychopharmacology.

As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. educational b. behavioral c. forensic d. health e. humanistic

After watching a movie in which a female character is being followed by a man in a dark alley, McKenzie kept looking over her shoulder at passersby as she walked to her car. This experience best illustrates a. the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome. b. how daily hassles can lead to stress. c. that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them. d. Type A personalities. e. how many nonverbal expressions are universally understood.

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are a. stressors. b. stress reactions. c. stress appraisal. d. adaptation levels. e. cathartic reactions.

The text defines stress as a. the experience of conflicting motives that produce anxiety and tension. b. the method in which we argue with loved ones. c. the blocking of an attempt to reach some important goal. d. physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion. e. the process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges.

In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by a. the skeletal nervous system. b. carcinogens. c. the sympathetic nervous system. d. biofeedback. e. catharsis.

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream. a. epinephrine and norepinephrine b. acetylcholine and endorphins c. lymphocytes and glucocorticoids d. estrogen and testosterone e. serotonin and dopamine

The central core of the adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone a. serotonin. b. cortisol. c. oxytocin. d. norepinephrine. e. acetylcholine.

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger a. facial feedback. b. lowered blood sugar levels. c. a fight-or-flight reaction. d. an increase in the production of lymphocytes. e. relative deprivation.

On orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete stress hormones such as a. cortisol. b. lymphocytes. c. serotonin. d. telomeres. e. acetylcholine.

One option for dealing with stress, which is more common among women than men, is a. withdrawal. b. the fight-or-flight reaction. c. the tend-and-befriend response. d. the general adaptation syndrome. e. facial feedback.

A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as a. serotonin. b. cortisol. c. norepinephrine. d. oxytocin. e. dopamine.

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as a. the fight-or-flight response. b. the general adaptation syndrome. c. the tend-and-befriend response. d. the adaptation-level phenomenon. e. the two-factor process.

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are a. attention, comprehension, and resistance. b. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. c. adrenal release, cognitive appraisal, and stomach ulceration. d. reactive frustration, sympathetic arousal, and parasympathetic inhibition. e. arousal, emotion, and catharsis.

Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside, indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing? a. resistance b. alarm reaction c. adjustment d. exhaustion e. denial

After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen, Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses. At this point, Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. a. resistance b. exhaustion c. adjustment d. stress appraisal e. engagement

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by a. resistance. b. exhaustion. c. an alarm reaction. d. a tend-and-befriend response. e. resolution.

Margo never enjoys spring break because at the end of every finals week she catches a bad cold. Margo is most likely in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? a. adjustment b. alarm c. resistance d. resolution e. exhaustion

When 15,000 Canadians were asked whether they were trying to take on too many tasks at once, responses indicated highest stress levels among a. children. b. young adults. c. middle-aged adults. d. retired senior citizens. e. parents.

Because of poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding, residents of impoverished areas are especially likely to experience a. spontaneous remission. b. low blood sugar levels. c. the proliferation of lymphocytes. d. hypertension. e. catharsis.

Which of the following is considered the most significant source of stress for most people? a. large-scale catastrophes b. significant life changes c. personality characteristics d. psychosomatic symptoms e. daily hassles

A psychophysiological illness is a. any physical illness that produces a psychological disorder. b. a stress-related physical illness such as hypertension. c. a disease of the central nervous system. d. any psychological disorder that has a genetic component. e. a chronic immune system disease that produces psychological effects.

Matt has been experiencing headaches. Because his physician strongly recommends that he enroll in an anger-management class, the physician has probably diagnosed Matt's headaches as a(n) ________ illness. a. allergenic b. psychophysiological c. immune deficiency d. carcinogenic e. cathartic

The field of psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the a. reproductive system. b. cardiovascular system. c. immune system. d. respiratory system. e. central nervous system.

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called a. evolutionary psychology. b. biofeedback. c. cognitive psychology. d. psychoneuroimmunology. e. psychopharmacological.

Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________. a. B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes b. Type B personalities; Type A personalities c. T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes d. Type A personalities; Type B personalities e. coronary heart disease; immune diseases

Worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as the a. B lymphocyte. b. macrophage. c. amygdala. d. glucocorticoid. e. reticular formation.

Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called a. stressors. b. endorphins. c. carcinogens. d. NK cells. e. Type A cells.

By attacking the body's own tissues, an overly reactive immune system is most likely to cause a. arthritis. b. colon cancer. c. pneumonia. d. hypertension. e. relative deprivation.

Which of the following best describes the effects of prolonged periods of stress on the immune system? a. Immune system function is improved because prolonged sympathetic nervous system responses make us more reactive to our environment. b. Research has shown no conclusive link between stress levels and immune system function. c. Prolonged stress negatively affects the immune system in only one way—by decreasing the ability of our immune cells to fight infection. d. Chronic stress can affect the immune system either by impairing its function or by causing it to attack the body's own tissues. e. Stress hormones destroy the lymphocytes of the immune system, causing illness.

The secretion of stress hormones a. decreases high blood pressure. b. diverts bloodflow from muscle tissue to the body's internal organs. c. prevents arteries from clogging. d. draws energy away from immune activity. e. lessens psychophysiological responses.

Wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. These deaths are likely to result from a(n) a. decrease in the animals' production of lymphocytes. b. increase in the animals' production of oxytocin. c. decrease in the animals' production of cortisol. d. increase in the animals' production of serotonin. e. decrease in the animals' production of dopamine.

The greatest number of deaths in Africa today result from a. strokes. b. cancer. c. AIDS. d. malaria. e. stress.

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by a. stimulating the release of endorphins. b. accelerating the production of NK cells. c. inhibiting the production of lymphocytes. d. slowing the shortening of telomeres. e. increasing the production of dopamine.

Rodents who experienced inescapable shocks were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously been exposed to a. natural killer cells. b. T lymphocytes. c. macrophages. d. carcinogens. e. serotonin.

Although stress does not create cancer cells, it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of a. telomeres. b. B lymphocytes. c. the adrenal glands. d. T lymphocytes. e. the limbic system.

Hypertension rates are highest in those European countries where people report the lowest a. blood cholesterol levels. b. relative deprivation. c. coronary heart disease. d. satisfaction with life e. adaptation level.

The greatest number of deaths in North America today result from a. AIDS. b. strokes. c. cancer. d. heart disease. e. lupus.

Who is the best example of a Type A personality? a. Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher b. Rashida, a highly intelligent, introverted librarian c. Wilma, a friendly, altruistic social worker d. Charisse, a fun-loving, self-indulgent university student e. Dave, a very successful race car driver

Who is the best example of a Type B personality? a. George, a self-confident, time-conscious mail carrier b. Wang Lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist c. Henry, an irritable, impatient high school teacher d. Stasio, a fun-loving, hard-driving corporation president e. Quentin, the competitive social worker

Who is the best example of a Type B personality? a. Tammy, an ambitious, self-confident waitress b. Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker c. Tena, a time-conscious, competitive lawyer d. Juanita, an impatient, pessimistic librarian e. Ethel, the effective salesperson

In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman found that Type A men are especially susceptible to a. stomach ulcers. b. cancer. c. heart attacks. d. lupus. e. depression

The characteristic that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities is their feelings of a. urgency. b. competitiveness. c. ambition. d. anger. e. fear.

Who would be MOST susceptible to heart disease? a. Marvin, an impatient lawyer who often becomes irritated with family and friends over insignificant matters b. Oswald, a purchasing agent who is very competitive and always wants to be a winner c. Michael, a time-conscious banking executive who is always five minutes early for appointments because of his sense of urgency d. Jozsef, a highly ambitious salesperson who is determined to become the manager of his company e. Rufus, a devoted fan of horror movies

Which personality characteristic is associated with increased risk of heart disease? a. successful b. even-tempered c. pessimistic d. passive e. easygoing

The risk of death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with a. symptoms of depression. b. Type B personalities. c. NK cells. d. B lymphocytes. e. symptoms of introversion.