InQ: Chp. 11 – Flashcards
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Within the United States, which three populations have the greatest risk of HIV infection?
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-African American women
-homosexual men
-African American men
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Paul Farmer has gained attention for his work on behalf of the world's poor, as described in Tracy Kidder's book Mountains beyond Mountains. Which of the following describe Farmer's profession(s)
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-a physician
-a social scientist
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What are two of the main reasons why more men than women die of heart disease?
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-Women are more likely to seek medical advice on heart disease.
-Men work in higher-stress occupations.
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Why are there generally more old women than old men in a given population?
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there is a longer life expectancy for female children and adults than for male ones
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When economist Adriana Lleras-Muney studied the effect on health of additional time spent in school, she found that people with more schooling were less likely to die over a ten-year period. What was her specific finding?
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An additional year of school meant a 3.6 percent reduction in ten-year morality.
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Which two countries are close to the United States in average life expectancy?
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-Columbia
-Qatar
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Availability and affordability of medical care are major predictors of life expectancy and quality of life.
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False
(nutrition, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status more important)
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What are plausible reasons why the Dutch are on average significantly taller than Americans?
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They eat better and lead a healthier lifestyle.
Dutch society has a more egalitarian wealth distribution.
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In which ways do doctors wield power in today's health-care system?
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-They are self-regulating.
-They have broad authority to write prescriptions.
-They decide what counts as a medical disorder.
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What are some of the reasons why medical doctors enjoy high prestige in the United States?
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-Doctors are seen as following a moral calling.
-A legal cap on the number of medical degrees awarded maintains exclusivity.
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What are the benefits of a mandatory insurance plan that covers large numbers of people?
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-The costs that will be paid out are fairly predictable.
-Income and expenses are such that the system is sustainable.
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Classify each person as suffering either from clinical depression or normal sadness, from the standpoint of Allan Horwitz and Jerome Wakefield (2007)
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someone who has had frequent, specific suicidal thoughts and impulses for the past week
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Which actions on the part of health-care providers, patients, and other agencies have contributed to the problem of increased antimicrobial resistance in infectious diseases?
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-prescriptions of antibiotics to patients who do not need them
-failure by patients to complete prescribed courses of treatment
-the routine use of antibiotics in animal feed
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In which ways has advancing medical knowledge led to progress in the fight against AIDS?
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-Medication can lessen the likelihood of HIV turning into AIDS.
-Anti-HIV medications are increasingly affordable.
-Medication can lessen the likelihood of HIV transmission from mothers to infants.
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Which factors caused doctors' authority to decline, starting in the 1990s?
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-Regulations began to give patients more rights.
-Market forces changed the compensation model for doctors.
-Nontraditional medicine undermined doctors' monopoly on accepted treatments.
-Advancing technology enabled less-credentialed providers to give meaningful care.
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What are some of the main provisions of the 2010 Affordable Care Act, known as "Obamacare"?
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-all americans are required to purchase insurance
-medicaid eligibility has been expanded
-insurance for low-income americans is subsidized
-young adults can stay on their parents plan till 26
-risk adjustment is based on preexisting conditions is eliminated
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How did social psychologist Sherman James use the legend of John Henry to propose an explanation for the high incidence of hypertension (high blood pressure) among black Americans at all socioeconomic levels?
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The elevated blood pressure is caused by stress of constantly dealing with unfair treatment
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In which ways is bottled water sold at supermarkets superior to the tap water available in the United States?
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Bottled water is not superior to U.S. tap water.
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What is the difference between dynamic psychiatry and diagnostic psychiatry?
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Dynamic psychiatry focuses on psychological causes, while diagnostic psychiatry focuses on symptoms.
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Which fraction of Americans take prescription antidepressant medication?
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1 in 10
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Which items represent possible explanations for the fact that firstborn children are more likely to die young than children later in birth order?
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-Parents make more mistakes while raising their first children than while raising the later ones.
-Firstborns are more likely to be the result of unplanned pregnancies.
-Firstborns with health problems have fewer siblings than healthy firstborns do.
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Rank the regions by decreasing numbers of people living with HIV.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
South and Southeast Asia
Central and South America
Middle East and North Africa
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In 1977, a change in Social Security policy produced a natural experiment: people born just after January 1, 1917, received reduced benefits compared to people born just a few days earlier. What did the experiment reveal?
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There was a negative correlation between greater benefits and longevity.
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What are the rights and obligations of a sick person, according to Talcott Parsons's theory of the "sick role"?
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-the obligation to seek and comply with competent medical advice
-the obligation to try to get well
-the right to ignore at least some functions of a normal social role
-the right not to be held accountable for his or her condition
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Materialist Interpretation
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This interpretation emphasizes the consequences of low income for things like access to a safe, clean living environment and to high-quality medical care.
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Fundamental Causes Interpretation
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This interpretation emphasizes the consequences of people's SES for their ability to marshal a wide range of resources, including the latest information, to remain in good health.
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Psychosocial Interpretation
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This interpretation emphasizes the consequences of low SES for one's stress level and mental health.
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Which items are most likely part of the complete explanation for why married people tend to live longer than single people?
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-Healthy people have an easier time getting out and meeting potential spouses.
-Married people tend to have more nutritious diets than singles.
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The Hmong people are an ethnic group native to the mountainous regions of mainland Southeast Asia. What is traditional Hmong understanding of epileptic seizures?
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The soul briefly leaves the body and visits the spirit world.
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Drift Explanation
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Health causally affects SES.
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Social Determinants Theory
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SES causally affects health.
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Selection Theory
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Health and SES are spuriously correlated due to a common causal factor, such as genetics, driving both.
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Which item explains why medicine is considered not only a career but a profession?
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Doctors are accountable to their peers.
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Place the ethnic groups in the United States in order of descending infant mortality rate.
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Black, non-Hispanic
American Indian, Alaskan Native
Hispanic
Asian American, Pacific Islander
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What is the term for the rate at which people suffer from illness?
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Morbidity
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In the United States, how did the rise of employer-provided health insurance come about?
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During a time when raises were limited by the law, it was an alternate way to compensate employees.
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According to surveys, which quality in doctors do patients rate as most important?
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Bedside manner.
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The spend-now/save-later approach that has worked well for improving the lives of children in low-income families also works well with homeless, mentally ill, and substance-abusing adults.
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True
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What is the basic premise of the Housing First program?
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Provide housing to homeless individuals without requiring that they be in psychiatric or substance-abuse treatment.
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From which other trade did the surgical profession evolve?
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Barbering.
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Which is the leading killer worldwide?
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Waterborne illness.
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Paul Farmer has lived and worked among the poor for most of his adult life. In which countries (other than the United States) has Farmer worked the most?
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Haiti
Rwanda
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In an HMO, a doctor is paid based on the number of people assigned to him or her, rather than on the number of patient visits. What is the term for the per-person fee the provider earns?
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Capitation
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Which patient rights were secured by federal legislation in the 1980s and 1990s?
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-Insurance must cover women's hospitalization for 48 hours after childbirth (or 96 hours after a C-section).
-Emergency rooms must treat patients regardless of their ability to pay.
