Chapter 9 Pre-Lecture – Flashcards

What is the correct sequence of steps in cellular respiration, starting with glucose?

What is the last step of cellular respiration?

During cellular respiration __________.

________ harnesses the energy from oxidation of high-energy molecules to produce ATP.

In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose is oxidized to two molecules of ________, with the production of ATP and NADH.

These reactions, called ______ (oxidation-reduction) reactions, play a key role in cellular respiration.

When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes ________. Such a compound is then referred to as an electron donor.

When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes _________. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.

In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is _________.

Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called _________.

______ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis.

The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is ______.

Glycolysis is a series of _____ reactions that occurs in the _____ of cells.

For each molecule of glucose processed during glycolysis, the net yield is ________.

Glycolysis begins by using molecules of ATP, but the net yield is _________.

During pyruvate processing, two carbons from pyruvate combine with ________.

One carbon of the three-carbon pyruvate becomes oxidized to ____ and the remaining two carbons (acetate) combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.

What molecule is produced in the citric acid cycle as a by-product of glucose oxidation and is considered a waste product?

What molecule is produced during the citric acid cycle feeds into the electron transport chain?

Oxidative phosphorylation consists of two tightly linked processes -- _______ _______ and ____ ________.

In electron transport, the NADH and FADH2 produced in the first three stages of cellular respiration are _______ by O2 (the oxidative part of this stage.)

These redox reactions also drive the pumping of _______ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton (H+) gradient.

The H+ gradient is used to power the __________ synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (the phosphorylation part of this stage).

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

The only place that ____ participates in cellular respiration is at the end of the electron transport chain, as the final electron acceptor.

Oxygen's high affinity for electrons ensures its success in this role. Its contributions to driving electron transport, forming a proton gradient, and synthesizing ATP are all indirect effects of its role as the ________ ________ ________.

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle).

Without O2, mitochondria are unable to oxidize the ______ and ______ produced in the first three steps of cellular respiration, and thus cannot make any ATP via oxidiative phosphorylation.

In addition, without O2, the mitochondria cannot oxidize the NADH and FADH2 back to ______ and ____ which are needed as inputs to the first three stages of cellular respiration.

Why is ATP production during cellular respiration characterized as indirect?

In eukaryotes, the components of the electron transport chain are located in the _______.

Proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane pump protons into the intermembrane space, creating a ______ ______ ______.

At the end of cellular respiration, protons flow through a protein called _______, which drives the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Fermentation in human muscle

Fermentation in yeast and bacteria

Aerobic oxidation

In the presence of oxygen, human cells carry out aerobic respiration, which yields ______ _____.

In the absence of oxygen, human cells carry out lactic acid fermentation, which yields _______.

Yeasts and many bacteria carry out _______ ________, which takes place under anaerobic conditions, and produces ethanol.

What are the reactants of anaerobic respiration of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation?

What are the products of anaerobic respiration of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation?

When an animal engages in strenuous usage of its muscles, anaerobic conditions ensue, and pyruvate is reduced to _______.

Which answer best explains why organisms that have an ETC as well as fermentation pathways seldom ferment pyruvate if the electron acceptor at the end of the ETC is available?