Chapter 21: Immune System – Flashcards

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system? A) innate internal defenses B) innate external defenses C) adaptive defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system? A) innate external defenses B) innate internal defenses C) adaptive defenses

What cells make antibodies? cytotoxic T cells memory T cells plasma B cells memory B cells

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to? antigen antibody an antigenic determinant pathogen

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient? humoral immunity antibody mediated immunity cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated? humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) antibody-mediated immunity

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? B cells Cytotoxic T cells macrophages

Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition? NK cells plasma cells dendritic cells T lymphocytes

Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways? NK cells neutrophils macrophages mast cells

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? T cell activation fever opsonization tissue repair

Which of the following activate CD8 cells? A) peptides containing 14-17 amino acids B) exogenous antigens C) antigens on class II MHC proteins D) antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins

What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells? helper T (TH) cells cytotoxic T (TC) cells APC regulatory T (TReg) cells

Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (TC) cells use to destroy a target--that is, deliver a lethal hit? A) agglutination of target cells B) opsonization C) the seeking of cells lacking class I MHC proteins D) perforation of the membrane

Activated CD8 cells become __________. B cells cytotoxic T cells NK cells helper T cells

Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier that helps prevent infections? tears urine the pH of the blood mucus

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens? intact skin and mucous membranes complement antimicrobial proteins inflammation

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? A) NK cells attack transplanted organs. B) NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells. C) NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide). D) NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? complement proteins phagocytes interferons T lymphocytes

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria? A) The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells. B) Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface. C) The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins. D) All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize.

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis? interferons cytokines natural killer (NK) cells complement proteins

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? T cells interferons antibodies and complement proteins natural killer (NK) cells

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe a difference between the innate and adaptive defenses of the body? A) Any foreign substances may activate the innate defenses, while adaptive defenses are specific to the type of invading pathogen. B) Innate defenses tend to occur much faster than adaptive defenses. C) Innate defenses involve physical barriers, cells, bloodborne chemicals, and inflammatory responses, while adaptive defenses primarily utilize lymphocytes and antibodies. D) The innate defenses of the body apply strictly to external pathogens, while adaptive defenses apply strictly to internal pathogens.

How do natural killer cells destroy invading pathogens? A) by engulfing cells via phagocytosis B) by producing antibodies that target cells for destruction C) by inducing apoptosis in the target cell D) by producing interferons that block the replication and spread of pathogens

Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of inflammation? bruising swelling heat redness

What is the role of complement in the innate immune response? A) to produce a fever B) to block viral replication C) to identify pathogens for phagocytosis by natural killer cells D) to amplify the inflammatory process

With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis? histamine defensins opsonins mucin

What type of immune system cell performs the most phagocytosis in the body? neutrophils B lymphocytes. natural killer, or NK, cells macrophages

Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces? heat redness impaired function edema (swelling)

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells? histamine complement kinins prostaglandins

When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors? during leukocytosis during margination during diapedesis during chemotaxis

What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization? A) Neutrophils flatten to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls. B) Neutrophils actively ingest bacteria. C) Neutrophils cling to the inner walls of capillaries and postcapillary venules. D) Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.

How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells? A) Interferons promote fever, or an abnormally high body temperature. B) Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins. C) Interferons perform opsonization to coat microorganisms. D) Interferons activate complement.

Which of the following chemicals do NOT directly trigger inflammation? prostaglandins antibodies histamines kinins

Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. True False

Adaptive defenses require us to use what molecules that can identify whether a cell is a self or nonself cell? antibodies complement proteins interferons antigens

Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after __________. A) activation B) seeding of secondary lymphoid organs C) release from the bone marrow D) entering the circulation

How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence? A) by being relatively unresponsive to self-antigens so that they do not attack the body's own cells B) by rapidly proliferating to form an army of cells exactly like themselves and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors C) by recognizing self-antigen D) by being able to recognize their one specific antigen