BIO CH 6 – Flashcards

producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

the sun

oxygen

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water.

the citric acid cycle

32

the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

because ecosystems depend upon them for food.

because they eat plants or other animals.

make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients. (self-feeders)

include humans and other animals that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones. (other-feeders)

chemical energy of sugars and other organic molecules we consume as food.

power a chemical process and make organic molecules.

last longer, do not generate a lot of quick power, and generate ATP using oxygen (aerobically).

contract more quickly and powerfully, fatigue more quickly, and can generate ATP without using oxygen (anaerobically).

primarily occurs in mitochondria, harvests energy stored in organic molecules, uses oxygen, and generates ATP.

CO2 and H2O, used in photosynthesis

only cellular respiration.

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

used for the plant to grow or stored as starch in potatoes.

the main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP and an aerobic process—it requires oxygen.

Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings. Cells take in oxygen gas. Cells release waste carbon dioxide gas. Breathing exchanges these same gases between the blood and outside air.

glucose.

glucose & oxygen CO2, H2O, & a release of energy

During cellular respiration, hydrogen and its bonding electrons change partners from sugar to oxygen, forming water as a product.

oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions for short.

oxidation

reduction

glucose is oxidized and (forming CO2) oxygen is reduced (forming H2O).

When electrons move from glucose to oxygen, it is as though the electrons were falling. This "fall" of electrons releases energy during cellular respiration.

a controlled fall of electrons and a stepwise cascade much like going down a staircase

1. glycolysis, 2. the citric acid cycle, and 3. electron transport.

1. A six-carbon glucose molecule is split in half to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. 2. These two molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD+, forming NADH.

3. uses two ATP molecules per glucose to split the six-carbon glucose and makes four additional ATP directly when enzymes transfer phosphate groups from fuel molecules to ADP. Thus, glycolysis produces a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.

In the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is first "groomed." Each pyruvic acid loses a carbon as CO2. The remaining fuel molecule, with only two carbons left, is acetic acid. Oxidation of the fuel generates NADH.

Finally, each acetic acid is attached to a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. The CoA escorts the acetic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. The CoA is then stripped and recycled.

extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the acetic acid molecules all the way down to CO2, uses some of this energy to make ATP, and forms NADH and FADH2.

releases the energy your cells need to make the most of their ATP The molecules of the electron transport chain are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria.

The transport chain functions as a chemical machine, which uses energy released by the "fall" of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and uses these ions to store potential energy.

When the hydrogen ions flow back through the membrane, they release energy. The hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase ATP synthase takes the energy from this flow and synthesizes ATP

Cyanide is a deadly poison that binds to one of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain, prevents the passage of electrons to oxygen, and stops the production of ATP.

Cellular respiration can generate up to 32 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

diverse types of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

is the anaerobic (without oxygen) harvest of food energy.

oxygen

muscle cells begin to generate ATP by the process of fermentation.

glycolysis to produce ATP

does not require oxygen and produces two ATP molecules for each glucose broken down to pyruvic acid.

is reduced by NADH, producing NAD+, which keeps glycolysis going.

lactic acid is a by-product

microorganisms.

cheese, sour cream, and yogurt, soy sauce, pickles, and olives, and sausage meat products.

uses a different type of fermentation and produces CO2 and ethyl alcohol instead of lactic acid.

beer, wine, and breads

when little oxygen was available, and before organelles evolved.

occurs in almost all organisms and is a metabolic heirloom of the first stage in the breakdown of organic molecules.