AP Psychology Unit 9 – Flashcards
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a. placenta
answer
1. Alcohol is a teratogen that can slip through the and damage the fetus or embryo.
a. placenta
b. nervous system
c. womb
d. brainstem
e. zygote
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b. face-like images
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2. Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for
a. soft music.
b. face-like images.
c. low pitched sounds.
d. soft colors.
e. loud music.
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c. habituation
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3. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called
a. concentration.
b. teratogens.
c. habituation.
d. stability.
e. transference.
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d. To what extent do certain traits persist through the life span?
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4. Which question expresses the developmental issue of stability and change?
a. Are individuals more similar or different from each other?
b. How much of development occurs in distinct stages?
c. How much of development is determined by
genetics?
d. To what extent do certain traits persist through the
life span?
e. Which traits are most affected by life changes and
experience?
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a. Zygote, embryo, fetus
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5. What is the prenatal development sequence?
a. Zygote, embryo, fetus
b. Fetus, zygote, embryo
c. Embryo, zygote, fetus
d. Zygote, fetus, embryo
e. Fetus, embryo, zygote
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e. Continuity and stages
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6. Some people think development occurs much in the way a tree grows, slowly and steadily adding one ring each year. Others think that there are rather abrupt developmental jumps, like the transformation of a tadpole into a frog. Which of the following issues would this difference of opinion relate to?
a. Nature and nurture
b. Maturation and learning
c. Prenatal and neonatal
d. Stability and change
e. Continuity and stages
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e. Fetus
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7. Which of the following is the longest prenatal stage?
a. Teratogen
b. Conception
c. Zygote
d. Embryo
e. Fetus
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b. pruning
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1. As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as
a. motor development.
b. pruning.
c. spacing.
d. accommodation.
e. maturation.
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e. Telling time
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2. Which of the following depends least on the maturation process?
a. Riding a bike
b. Writing
c. Talking
d. Bladder control
e. Telling time
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e. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes
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3. Which of the following is true of the early formation of brain cells?
a. They form at a constant rate throughout the prenatal period.
b. They begin forming slowly, and then the rate increases throughout prenatal development.
c. They form slowly during the prenatal period, and then the rate increases after birth.
d. They form at a constantly increasing rate prenatally and in early childhood.
e. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes
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a. branching outward to form multiple connections.
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4.
How does an infant's developing brain begin processing memories?
We have no conscious memories of events occurring before about age 31⁄2, in part because major brain areas have not yet matured.
Neural networks grow more complex by
a. branching outward to form multiple connections.
b. keeping the nervous system immature.
c. controlling one another with a restricted response
system.
d. limiting connections.
e. associating behaviors that would not normally be
associated together.
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e. assimilation
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1. Your friend's baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points and calls it "Mi Mi," which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget's process of
a. conservation.
b. accommodation.
c. cognition.
d. object permanence.
e. assimilation.
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c. symbolic thinking.
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2. If you showed a 2-year-old that you'd hidden a toy behind the bed in a model of her bedroom, she would not be able to find the toy in her real bedroom because she lacks
a. analytical thinking.
b. random thinking.
c. symbolic thinking.
d. schematic thinking.
e. egocentric thinking.
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d. zone of proximal development.
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3. Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the
a. theory of mind.
b. zone of abstract logic.
c. zone of abstract reasoning.
d. zone of proximal development.
e. zone of developmental readiness.
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b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed.
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4. Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories?
a. Infants simply have less information about the world than older children and adults.
b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed.
c. Infants learn more by verbal explanations than Piaget believed.
d. Accommodation is a process that doesn't occur in young children.
e. Schemas don't form until later than Piaget believed.
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c. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral
reasoning
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5. Which of the following cognitive abilities is possible only at the formal operational stage?
a. Reversing arithmetic operations
b. Using a theory of mind to predict the behavior of
others
c. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral
reasoning
d. Using symbolic thinking for pretend play
e. Understanding basic physics to recognize impossible
situations
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c. Egocentric thinker
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6. Which of the following identifies children's difficulty seeing another's perspective?
a. Abstract thinker
b. Role player
c. Egocentric thinker
d. A child who understands conservation
e. A child who demonstrates high mental operations
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c. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it.
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7. Which of the following would indicate that a child understood conservation?
a. She would continue to seek a toy hidden under a blanket.
b. She would "hide" in a game of hide-and-seek by covering her eyes with her hands.
c. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it.
d. She would recognize that 7 + 3 involves the same mathematical relationship as 10 - 7.
e. She would be able to comprehend the logic of if-then statements.
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b. self-concept
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1. An 18-month-old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self-awareness contributes to
a. self-assurance. b. self-concept. c. self-esteem.
d. self-actualization. e. self-determination.
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b. Contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment.
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2. In the attachment studies conducted with infant monkeys, what did the Harlows find?
a. Nutrition was the most important factor in attachment.
b. Contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment.
c. The surrogate mother's appearance was the most important attachment factor.
d. Monkeys were equally likely to become attached to either surrogate mother.
e. The monkeys didn't form attachments to the surrogate mothers.
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b. The critical period
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3. What do we call an optimal window of opportunity for proper development?
a. Attachment b. The critical period c.The social period
d. Imprinting e. Mere exposure
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a. Authoritative
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4. Which of the following identifies the parenting style most likely to ground a teen who had missed a curfew—and to explain the rationale for doing so, after considering the teen's reasons?
a. Authoritative
b. Authoritarian
c. Permissive
d. Secure attachment
e. Insecure attachment
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d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and
seeking contact on return
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5. Which of the following would be considered a sign of secure attachment in a 1-year-old?
a. Showing no sign of stranger anxiety, whether the parent is present or not
b. Paying no attention to a parent who returns after a brief separation
c. Showing anger at the parent after a brief separation
d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and
seeking contact on return
e. Not reacting to a parent leaving or returning after a
brief separation
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d. Mary Ainsworth
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6. Who identified secure and insecure attachment?
a. Sigmund Freud d. Mary Ainsworth
b. Konrad Lorenz e. Jerome Kagan c. Jean Piaget
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a. Harmful physical aggression
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1. According to research, which type of aggression is more common among males than females?
a. Harmful physical aggression
b. Indirect nonphysical aggression
c. Verbal aggression
d. Ostracism
e. Spreading rumors
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d. roles; identity
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2. Gender____are the social expectations that guide men and women's behavior. Gender_____is a person's sense of being male or female.
a. concepts; role
b. preferences; role
c.roles; preference
d. roles; identity
e. roles; preference
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c. They are more likely to commit suicide
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3. Which of the following is generally true of males?
a. They have a longer life span.
b. They are more likely to have a democratic leadership
style.
c. They are more likely to commit suicide.
d. They are more likely to be diagnosed with
depression.
e. They are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety.
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b. Gender typing
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4. Diego likes to play sports and video games whereas Sara likes to sing, dance, and play "house." This example best depicts which of the following?
a. Gender identity
b. Gender typing
c. Gender schema
d. Social learning theory
e. Gender expression
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b. making social connections.
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5. Carol Gilligan's research emphasizes prominent female characteristics, especially
a. spatial abilities.
b. making social connections.
c. playing in large groups.
d. talking a great deal.
e. playing in competitive groups.
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d. one another
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1. According to Plomin and Daniels, "Two children in the same family are [apart from their shared genes] as different from as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population."
a. their parents
b. their grandparents
c. their friends
d. one another
e. their cousins
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a. Their brain cortex is less developed.
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2. Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation?
a. Their brain cortex is less developed.
b. Though neurologically similar, they fear other rats.
c. Their brains have more connections.
d. They have a thicker brain cortex.
e. The differences between the two groups are not
statistically significant.
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b. Genetic contributions
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3. What is the primary means by which parents influence the behavior of their children?
a. Parenting style
b. Genetic contributions
c. Prenatal environment
d. Teaching cooperation
e. Rewarding achievement
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e. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways.
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4. Neurologically, what is the function of pruning?
a. Pruning creates new connections between synapses through repeated experiences.
b. Pruning reduces the negative effects of teratogens by eliminating neural waste.
c. Pruning increases the weight of the brain through enriching experiences.
d. Pruning creates areas in the brain used in learning mathematics.
e. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways.
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d. myelin
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1. The growth of____around axons speeds neurotransmission, enabling better communication between the frontal lobe and other brain regions.
a. neurons
b. the cell body
c. dendrites
d. myelin
e. synapses
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a. frontal lobes
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2. The maturation of the brain's lags behind the development of the limbic system, which may explain the impulsivity of teenagers compared with adults.
a. frontal lobes
b. temporal lobes
c. occipital lobes
d. parietal lobes
e. corpus collosum
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c. Piaget; Kohlberg
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3.________believed that a child's moral judgments build on cognitive development._____agreed and sought to describe the development of moral reasoning.
a. Kohlberg; Erikson
b. Erikson; Kohlberg
c. Piaget; Kohlberg
d. Piaget; Erikson
e. Haidt; Hall
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c. Conventional
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4. Which level of moral reasoning includes a focus on upholding laws in order to gain social approval?
a. Collectivist
b.Preconventional
c. Conventional
d. Postconventional
e.Formal operational
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c. Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence
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5. What development in adolescents allows for greater impulse control?
a. The hormonal surge of early adolescence
b. Hindbrain changes associated with the onset
of puberty
c. Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence
d. Limbic system development in mid-adolescence
e. A decrease in myelin production throughout
adolescence
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d. Formal operational
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6. Which of Jean Piaget's stages describes typical adolescent thinking?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
e. Accommodation
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d. Preconventional stage, where moral judgment
depends on rewards and punishments
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7. Which of the following correctly describes one of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?
a. Preconventional stage, where one follows moral principles
b. Conventional stage, where individualism is foremost
c. Conventional stage, where it is imperative to uphold
the law and follow rules
d. Preconventional stage, where moral judgment
depends on rewards and punishments
e. Postconventional stage, where it is imperative to
uphold the law and follow rules
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d. self-esteem
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1. According to Erikson, you develop your____, a part of who you are, from your group memberships.
a. self-interest
b. social identity
c. social self
d. self-esteem
e. self-consciousness
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c. emerging adulthood.
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2. In many Western societies, it is common for adolescents
graduate high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as
a. adulthood.
b. early adulthood.
c. emerging adulthood.
d. late adolescence.
e. role confusion.
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a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer
relationships become more important.
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3. Which is true of social relations during the teen years?
a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer
relationships become more important.
b. High school girls who have the poorest relationships
with their mothers have the most intense friendships
with peers.
c. Parental influence peaks during mid to late
adolescence.
d. Most adolescents have serious disagreements with
parents, leading to great social stress.
e. Teens are generally more concerned with family
relationships than peer relationships.
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d. Identity versus role confusion
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4. According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task for adolescents?
a. Trust versus mistrust
b. Initiative versus guilt
c. Competence versus inferiority
d. Identity versus role confusion
e. Intimacy versus isolation
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d. It starts earlier and is completed later.
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5. Compared with the late nineteenth century, what is true about the transition from childhood to adulthood in Western cultures?
a. It starts earlier and is completed earlier.
b. It starts later and is completed later.
c. It starts later and is completed earlier.
d. It starts earlier and is completed later.
e. It has not changed.
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c. Competence versus inferiority
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6. Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subjects, because she feels she cannot master math. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in?
a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
b. Initiative versus guilt
c. Competence versus inferiority
d. Identity versus role confusion
e. Intimacy versus isolation
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a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
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7. Boez is a 2-year-old boy who is in the process of potty training. When Boez urinates in the potty, he has a sense of pride. If Boez urinates in his pants, he runs and hides. According to Erikson, in which psychosocial stage is Boez?
a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
b. Initiative versus guilt
c. Competence versus inferiority
d. Identity versus role confusion
e. Intimacy versus isolation
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e. Reproductive organs in both sexes
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1. Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?
a. Nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls
b. Facial hair in boys
c. Deepened voice in boys
d. Pubic and underarm hair in both sexes
e. Reproductive organs in both sexes
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c. Full development of external genitalia in both sexes
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2. Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic that changes at puberty?
a. A growth spurt in height, especially for boys
b. Development of breasts for girls
c. Full development of external genitalia in both sexes
d. Facial hair and deepened voice for boys
e. Appearance of pubic and underarm hair in both
sexes
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b. Participation in service learning programs
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3. Which of the following has been shown to be the most effective intervention to reduce teen pregnancies?
a. Abstinence-only sex education in schools
b. Participation in service learning programs
c. Increasing guilt related to sexual activity
d. Taking a pledge to remain abstinent
e. Increased exposure to sexual content in the media
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d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent.
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1. Which of the following changes does not occur with age?
a. Visual sharpness diminishes.
b. Distance perception is less acute.
c. Adaptation to light-level changes is less rapid.
d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent.
e. Senses of smell and hearing diminish.
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e. exercise
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2. As telomeres shorten, aging cells may die without being replaced with perfect genetic replicas. This process is slowed by
a. smoking.
b. obesity.
c. stress.
d. aging.
e. exercise.
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b. Generativity
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3. According to Erikson, which of the following is a dominant goal of adulthood?
a. Competence
b. Generativity
c. Performance
d. Identity
e. Connectedness
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a. amygdala
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4. The aging brain may help nurture positive feelings that are reported by many older adults. Brain scans of older adults show that the , a neural processing center for emotions, responds less actively to negative events (but not to positive events), and it interacts less with the hippocampus, a brain memory-processing center.
a. amygdala
b. hypothalamus
c. pineal gland
d. thyroid gland
e. thalamus
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d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause.
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5. Which of the following is true of menopause?
a. Both men and women experience menopause around the age of 50.
b. Men experience menopause around 50 years of age, but women experience menopause around 65 years of age.
c. Women experience menopause around 50 years of age, but men experience menopause around 65 years of age.
d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause.
e. Men experience menopause around the age of 65, but women don't experience menopause.
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d. A 40-year-old takes pride in her work and how she
has raised her children.
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6. Which of the following would be considered an example of Erikson's concept of generativity?
a. A 25-year-old meets and marries the love of his life.
b. A 35-year-old earns a lot of money, though she
doesn't particularly enjoy her job.
c. An 85-year-old looks back at a life well-lived and
feels satisfied.
d. A 40-year-old takes pride in her work and how she
has raised her children.
e. A 20-year-old decides to become a physician.
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e. social clock
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7. The is a culturally determined timetable for certain events, such as having children and retirement.
a. critical period b. menopause
c. intimacy phase
d. attachment stage
e. social clock
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c. Cognitive
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1. What aspect of development did Jean Piaget's development theory focus on?
a. Social b. Moral c. Cognitive d. Physical e. Ego
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b. Identity
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2. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, the crisis that needs resolution for adolescents involves the search for what?
a. Trust b. Identity c. Autonomy d. Initiative e. Worth
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d. Critical period
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3. What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development?
a. Conservation stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Attachment period
d. Critical period
e. Assimilation step
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c. Older people become less susceptible to short-term
illnesses.
answer
4. Which of the following statements about the impact of aging is true?
a. During old age, many of the brain's neurons die.
b. If we live to be 90 or older, most of us will eventually
become senile.
c. Older people become less susceptible to short-term
illnesses.
d. Recognition memory—the ability to identify things
previously experienced—declines with age.
e. Life satisfaction peaks in the 50s and then gradually declines after age 65.
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a. Postconventional
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5. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what stage of moral development is exhibited when actions are judged "right" because they flow from basic ethical principles?
a. Postconventional
b. Preconventional
c. Conventional
d. Preoperational
e. Formal operational
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a. Consistent, responsive caregivers
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6. According to Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment, what would a child need most to become "securely attached"?
a. Consistent, responsive caregivers
b. The right temperament
c. A terry cloth-wrapped "surrogate" mother
d. An imprinting experience shortly after birth
e. Enriched motor development experiences
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b. Emotional reactivity
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7. Temperament refers to what aspect of an infant's development?
a. Susceptibility to infection and disease
b. Emotional reactivity
c. General intelligence
d. Level of optimism
e. Ability to learn from situations
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a. Decreases slowly with age
answer
8. How does fluid intelligence change as we age?
a. Decreases slowly with age
b. Has not been measured over time
c. Increases slowly with age
d. Does not change until about age 75
e. Remains unchanged if we exercise
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e. A zygote
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9. Once a sperm penetrates the cell wall of an egg and fertilizes it, this structure is known as what?
a. An embryo
b. A fetus
c. Placenta
d. A teratogen
e. A zygote
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d. A positive sense of self
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10. Social development researchers suggest that infancy's major social achievement is attachment. Childhood's major social achievement is developing which of the following?
a. Basic trust
b. Into a sexually mature person
c. Intimacy
d. A positive sense of self
e. Object permanence
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d. Formal operational
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11. Most adolescents can ponder and debate human nature, good and evil, truth and justice. According to Piaget, this thinking ability is due to the emergence of which stage?
a. Concrete operational
b. Sensorimotor
c. Preoperational
d. Formal operational
e. Accommodation
question
a. Social clock
answer
12. Cultural norms related to when to leave home, get a job, or marry are referred to as what?
a. Social clock
b. Midlife crisis
c. Critical period
d. Life span
e. Theory of mind
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e. Habituation
answer
13. The more often the stimulus is presented, the weaker the response becomes. What do developmental researchers call this decrease in response intensity due to repeated stimulation?
a. Stagnation
b. Attachment
c. Autonomy
d. Imprinting
e. Habituation
question
c. Time spent in day care
answer
14. Eleanor Maccoby's research found which of the following factors to be the least positively correlated with problem behavior in preschool children?
a. Parent income
b. Parent education level
c. Time spent in day care
d. Child's temperament
e. Parent sensitivity
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b. In the same month, researchers compare the reaction time of 20 sixth graders and 20 first graders.
answer
15. Which of these is an example of a longitudinal study?
a. The depth perception of infants is measured once a month for 6 months in a row, starting at six months.
b. In the same month, researchers compare the reaction time of 20 sixth graders and 20 first graders.
c. The memory of one group of 50-year-old adults is measured and then 20 years later compared to a different group of 70-year-olds.
d. A psychologist develops a case study of a woman who is 102 by interviewing her twice a week for 12 weeks.
e. Researchers compare curiosity ratings of a group of toddlers with that same group's SAT scores 15 years later.
question
The concrete operational stage is when a child is able to think logically about concrete events and grasp concrete analogies. This includes the understanding of conservation and the understanding of mathematical transformations.
The formal operational stage is when a child understands abstract reasoning. This includes understanding abstract logic and having the potential for mature moral reasoning.
Upon becoming a teenager, an individual experiences identity vs. role confusion. This is when the individual works at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
Young adults experience intimacy vs. isolation which is when they struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
At the conventional level, an individual is able to uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.
At the postconventional level, an individual's actions reflect their belief in basic rights and self- defined ethical principles.
answer
2. Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg described several cognitive, social, and moral reasoning stages of adolescence. Illustrate each of the following stages.
• Concrete operational
• Formal operational
• Identity versus role confusion
• Intimacy versus isolation
• Conventional level
• Postconventional level
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Erik Erikson's stage of psychosocial development for infancy is labeled Trust vs. Mistrust. The description he gives for the stage is that if an infants needs are dependably met, the infant will develop a sense of basic trust. If the infant's needs are not met, the infant will form a sense of mistrust.
The stage Erikson has for middle aged adulthood is labeled Generativity vs. Stagnation. The description he gives for this stage is that in middle age, people will either discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually, through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
answer
2. Name and describe Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development for infancy (first year) and middle adulthood (40s to 60s).
question
Two biological changes related to sexual maturity in adolescence are physical development and cognitive development.
answer
2. Name two biological changes related to sexual maturity in adolescence and briefly describe one change in neurological development in adolescence.
question
The three issues are nature vs. nurture, continuity and stages, and stability and change.
The nature vs. nurture issue deals with whether it is the interaction between our genetic inheritance vs. our experiances.
The continuity and stages issue deals with whether our development is gradual and continuous or a series of relatively abrupt changes.
The stability and change issue deals with whether our traits endure or change as we age.
answer
2. Three major issues are addressed by psychologists in the study of human development. Identify and state how all three might be considered to explain how children's traits and abilities develop.
