HIS 1053 Ch. 28 – Flashcards

an interlocking alliance of the military, big business, and big government ruled the country.

Kennedy's charismatic charm and wit.

the use of car pools despite police harassment.

achieving justice in the South.

outlaw literacy tests. -include gender as a category protected against discrimination. -create the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. -prohibit segregation in public accommodations.

As productivity increased, wages rose faster than prices.

It let women know that they could be more than Betty Crocker.

Engel v. Vitale

The United States relied on the doctrine of massive retaliation.

Many Americans believed that Sputnik's inferior quality revealed American technological superiority. (Included:) -American schools placed a greater emphasis on math and science courses. -Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. -Congress supported college students in the National Defense Education Act.

Fearing a war with the Soviets, the United States refused to help.

Bay of Pigs

He felt the Berlin Wall helped to calm an unstable situation.

They gained strength as insurgents in the Vietnamese countryside.

a naval "quarantine" around Cuba

achieving justice in the South

Federal troops ensured the safety of black students from angry white mobs.

Montgomery bus boycott

the Kennedy assassination

the registration of black voters in Mississippi

Minority communities were usually demolished to make way for freeways and public buildings. -A Decade of Affluence. In 1954, Congress transformed the public housing program into urban renewal. Cities used federal funds to replace low-rent businesses and rundown housing on the fringes of their downtowns with new hospitals, civic centers, sports arenas, office towers, and luxury apartments. Unfortunately, they did so at the expense of minority groups.

mass-produced bottled soft drinks such as Coca-Cola (Are new consumers:) -franchised hotels such as Holiday Inn -new environments for high-intensity consumption such as Disneyland -large-scale suburban shopping centers, such as Northgate in Seattle -Consumers enjoyed a bevy of opportunities in the 1950s, including large-scale suburban shopping centers and disposable income. America also witnessed the rise of suburbia and life on the open highway. Many consumers could take weekend getaways and summer trips to various spots, including Disneyland. Holiday Inn franchised hotels to provide clean and safe accommodations.

creating a new era of scientific and social progress -Kennedy attempted to focus on scientific exploration and social progress. Kennedy attempted to move beyond the normal burdens of taxation and international conflicts but most of his presidency was marred by the Cold War and hostilities abroad.

Kennedy's charismatic charm and wit -In 1960, Kennedy narrowly defeated Richard Nixon. Nixon was an experienced politician who had served as vice president to Eisenhower and was a famous Cold War warrior. Kennedy's charm and charisma appealed to many voters as the televised debates showcased Kennedy at his best. Many have challenged that this election was more about style than substance.

only underground -In July 1963, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty. The treaty stated that nuclear weapons could only be tested underground. They could no longer be tested underwater, in the atmosphere, or in outer space.

It ruled that segregated schools denied black children equal treatment under the law -Brown v. Board of Education was a watershed event that reversed half a century of legalized segregation. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that separate was inherently unequal and overturned the original decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. With the exception of the border states, southern states either delayed integration or refused to comply outright.

the use of car pools despite police harassment -The Montgomery bus boycotts were won by perseverance and civil disobedience. The demonstrators willingly walked miles to and from work and were assisted by blacks and whites who created car pools. The boycott was successful because it financially injured the bus business.

segregation of interstate bus terminals -The modern-day civil rights movement proved that average citizens could change the inequalities within society. Although bus boycotts proved an effective way to integrate public transportation within city limits, the bus stations that served interstate travel were still segregated in the South. Black and white passengers traveled throughout the South on buses in 1961.

segregation in local restaurants -The modern-day civil rights movement proved that average citizens could change the inequalities within society. College students from across the South challenged segregation at the lunch counter.

He was especially knowledgeable in all aspects of American foreign policy. (True:) -He declared an aggressive attack aimed at alleviating poverty. -He was very successful at getting domestic reforms passed in Congress. -He supported an ambitious program of social reform. -Following the assassination of Kennedy, Congress was very receptive to domestic reforms. Lyndon Johnson supported an ambitious program of social reform, known as the Great Society, which was very successful. However, his presidency was plagued by international problems, specifically, Vietnam.

The federal government refused to act if a school did not comply. (Did hinder:) -Some school districts closed their schools to all children. -Southern politicians unified against the Court. -The Court did not set a definitive timeline but used vague wording with the phrase "with all deliberate speed." -The Supreme Court ruled unanimously against segregation but did not define the time that the states had to integrate. To contest the Court's decision, 101 southern congressmen and senators signed the Southern Manifesto. In some states, such as Virginia, the public schools were shut down rather than comply; however, if a school remained open but disobeyed, the federal government did act, as when Eisenhower sent troops into Little Rock's Central High.

Better roads could help evacuate urban areas in case of a Soviet attack. -Americans had grown tired of outdated roads and in 1956 the American Highway Act created a national system of interstate and defense highways. The new roads not only allowed Americans easier access to new business and suburban life but also assisted with national security. The roads would be wide enough to move military hardware and also could be used to evacuate major cities.

a steady increase -The proportion of American women who are part of the labor force has increased steadily since 1950. Women made up 33.5 percent of employees in 1950 and 42.6 percent in 1970.

Iran and Guatemala -Eisenhower's administration dealt with numerous acts of intervention. Aside from Korea, communism also spread to the Americas and the Middle East. Although Korea was the only region to which the United States sent military troops, Eisenhower used the CIA to subvert the local political systems of Iran and Guatemala. In both cases, the United States had ulterior motives linked to economic interests in the region.

Voting Rights Act (Out of) -Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka _Civil Rights Act -Voting Rights Act -Montgomery bus boycott -In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education officially outlawed segregation in public schools. Many southern politicians condemned this decision and many southern states were defiant. Average citizens had to demand change. The civil rights movement had two major objectives: ending segregation de facto and ensuring the right to vote in the South. The Civil Rights Act solidified the first objective and the Voting Rights Act completed the second.

He was the host of General Electric Theater.

Republican with moderate views

He accepted most of the New Deal.

Kansas

Situation comedies featuring white, middle-class families were extremely popular on television.

An interlocking alliance of the military, big business, and big government ruled the country.

juvenile delinquency and rock-and-roll

massive retaliation

kitchen appliances and the merits of capitalism versus communism

the Beats

Kennedy won the presidency over Richard Nixon in a cliffhanging election.

The United States began backing a pro-Western government in South Vietnam in the mid-1950s.

The United States discovered that the Soviet Union was installing offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba.

He initially was unenthusiastic.

Alliance for Progress (Programs created:) -Head Start -Job Corps -Community Action Agencies

-created the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission -prohibited segregation in public accommodations -outlawed employment discrimination on federally assisted projects

Eisenhower wanted the United States to remain committed to NATO and collective security.

The Supreme Court allowed prayer in public schools. (Are apart:) -Southern Baptists became the largest Protestant group in America. -Religion became a prominent part of popular films of the era. -J. Edgar Hoover believed that organized religion could help combat communism.

They were all critics of American society.

the world's first artificial satellite

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Whites refused to assist in the movement. -It forced the state of Mississippi to adhere to the Fifteenth Amendment. -It provoked violence from white supremacists. -It led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

South

to overthrow Fidel Castro

It helped states offer medical aid to the poor.

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional.

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

organized in 1942, mobilized mass popular resistance to discrimination in a way that the older, more conservative organizations had never done, (African American leaders helped organize sit ins and demonstrations in segregated theaters and restaurants).

This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history.

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote. , a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of four established civil rights organizations: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), with SNCC playing the lead role.

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Agreement between the US, Soviet Union, and Great Britain to end the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere or underwater

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. , Eisenhower's policy; it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe

a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them

a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

National Aeronautics and Space Administration , an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. , The "new" liberal and civil rights ideas advocated by Kennedy, in contrast to Eisenhower's conservative view.

Office of Economic Opportunity , Federal agency—coordinated many programs of the War on Poverty (1964-1975), employment and education, mixed results

Southeast Treaty Organization: Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand , An international organization for collective defense, primarily created to block further Communist gains in Southeast Asia.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party. , 1956, Opposition of Southern congressmen to Brown v. Board of Education decision , document signed by over 100 members of Congress complaining of "abuse of judicial power"

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in Civil Rights, stage sit-ins and such , (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

a Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote , 1965: a law passed that forbids any state to deny a citizen the right to vote on the basis of race color or sex.

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly , Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.